I vacuumed yesterday. Then today i put some chlorine down in the stained areas and tried scrubbing the areas with a brush..The stains are not coming off. Is there anything I can do? I saw a stain remover being sold at my local pool store, is this the solution for these type of stains?

So I’ve made arrangements to buy this 20-gallon tank later this evening from a local. This person is moving, so won’t be able to take it with them—which is my gain. The tank comes with filter, lid, light, heater, bubbler, thermometer, along with various tank decorations and supplies (testing kit, fish food, vacuum/siphon, water conditioner), all for $100. Basically I feel like this is a steal.
The issue here is that there are currently various tetras living in the tank: 5 embers, 2 neons, and a yellow glofish. I’m happy to house these fishies once I get the tank going/re-setup, but it’s only now occurring to me to wonder what to do with them in the meantime.
I’ll be transporting the tetras in a 5-gallon bucket, and I’ve asked the seller to put the filter media in the bucket as well (hopefully I’ll save enough beneficial bacteria to not have to re-cycle the tank). I’m planning on buying all new hardscape and substrate (currently the tank has a ton of algae-covered gravel, which I am going to switch out for aqua soil so I can plant the tank), but I won’t be able to make it to the fish store until tomorrow at the earliest. Then I’ll have to set up the tank, add the substrate, water, get the filter going, etc., but this will probably take a few days, no? So what do I do with the tetras in the meantime?
I think I have a few options, but I’m open to suggestions in case anyone has any better ideas. I have two smaller tanks established, a 2.5-gallon with 12 cherry shrimp (one of whom is currently berried), and a 6-gallon with a male plakat betta. Perhaps I could do some kind of musical aquariums and move them around? My current ideas:
-Put the betta in the shrimp tank, the shrimp in the bucket, and the tetras in the betta tank? -I do have a 4-inch cube breeder box, I suppose I could put the betta in that and add the tetras to his tank, although I doubt he’ll be happy with me if he has to stay in there for a few days. 😅 -I could just leave the tetras in the bucket for a few days, but I’m worried about the water being unfiltered. What do I do here, water change every day or two? What about heating the water (is the 20-gallon heater going to be too much for the 5-gallon bucket)? -Put the tetras in the betta tank and the betta in the bucket? With the theory that he’s more hardy and would be fine in a bucket longer than the tetras. -Try to do some kind of fish-in cycle? I could rush the set-up of the 20-gallon tank and add fish to it without giving it a few days. It seems like it would be easier to do this with the hardier betta (with the tetras in his old tank), but I’m loath to do this. Ultimately I’d like to keep housing the tetras in their old home and maybe try and move the betta over—so I don’t want him to get territorial in the 20-gallon and freak out when I add tetras, I’d much rather have the tetras established in there when I try adding him to the tank.
TL,DR: anyone have any better ideas of what to do with my new tetra friends? I’m trying to figure out a way to not traumatize anyone (either the new buddies or my old), and avoid overstocking things for a week or two.

Statue of Mary Therese in Vienna in front of Naturhistorisches Museum. (I like quality of these photos). That painting is painting of kaiser Franz I. Stephan. Next is something written about it. These all things are located in Naturhistorisches museum in Vienna

Predictmedix – a great way to surf the Artificial Intelligence wave.
​
https://preview.redd.it/f1x4jx9oum4b1.png?width=741&format=png&auto=webp&s=d387631262e56fc732c745f909a2b60afde4f24e
There is a saying attributed to Mark Twain that goes, “History doesn’t repeat itself, but if often rhymes.” This means circumstances might be different but similar events often recur. This is good because securities regulators demand that you make it clear that in the financial markets, “Past performance is no guarantee of future results.”
However, investment analysts continue to use rhymes and here’s one that could help you see sizeable investment returns from Predictmedix Inc. (CSE: PMED, OTCQB: PMEDF). This is how the rhyme comes together:
A. The 1990s technology boom: The parallel I see is between the current Artificial Intelligence cycle and the dot-com stock market cycle of ≈1990 to ≈ 2002. As background, the 1990s either developed or laid the groundwork for changes that completely transformed the world we live in. Out of that time came many new technologies and related developments and each was highly disruptive. Here is a very brief list of some of those developments:
(1) Nokia was the first mass-produced cellphone offered in 1992 with the ability to send and receive phone calls as well as store data (e.g. phone numbers).
(2) The World Wide Web, a.k.a. the Web browser was proposed in 1990 and debuted in 1991. This was the start of the Internet, Websites, e-mails and a massive amount of information that would become available to everyone.
(3) With the explosion of data available, finding it became a challenge. Mosaic started as the first search engine in 1993 followed by Yahoo in 1994 and Google in 1998. Today, Google has risen to the top and become synonymous with an Internet search. Google it.
(4) Other important developments of that time included the growth in the capacity of microprocessors, Photoshop, texting, rechargeable lithium-ion batteries, realistic videogames for a more adult market, collecting and using DNA, the start of e-tailing and more.
(5) Finally, we have the stock market. Cisco, Dell, Intel and Microsoft are sometimes referred to as the four horsemen of the 1990s tech boom. But we can’t ignore Apple and Google and there were many more that benefited. The smaller, new, Initial Public Offering companies came to the fore with incredibly high returns in the second half of the 1990s.
The chart to the right shows how stock markets performed during the 1990’s high-tech boom. A few things are worth noting:
(1) The Dot.Com stock market cycle lasted a long t time. Essentially, more than the decade of the 1990s. It’s length reflected the importance of the fundamental changes taking place.
(2) There was an important development regarding the stock market that has become part of the stock market legend. On December 5, 1996, Federal Reserve Board Chairman Alan Greenspan in a televised speech used the term “irrational exuberance” to describe a stock market that he thought was highly speculative and overvalued. His comment was intended as a warning from the Fed that the stock market, driven by the high-tech developments described above, was overvalued. His timing was five years early which is a lifetime in the stock market.
(3) The five years after Greenspan’s “irrational exuberance” statement was the most profitable for investors of the entire ten years plus of the stock market cycle.
As you sit reading this brief, imagine your life without a cell phone, the Internet, e-mail and text messages. How different would your life be without just these four products that emerged from the 1990s. A more relevant question might be how different would your life be if you had purchased shares in Apple or Cisco or Dell or Google or Microsoft back then?
B. The Artificial Intelligence Boom (AI): The term Artificial Intelligence was created in 1955. The idea was to have a machine that could take data, and find patterns that would enable it to make predictions and reach conclusions (make decisions). The Oxford Dictionary defines AI as “The theory and development of computer systems able to perform tasks that normally require human intelligence, such as visual perception, speech recognition, decision-making, and translation between languages.”
It was Moore’s Law in 1975 that stated the capacity of semiconductors would continue to double every two years which enabled computers to be able to put into practice the AI Boom that is taking place today. Current forecasts say the AI industry will grow to $900 billion by 2026 and $15.7 trillion by 2030. AI growth in the 1920s could dwarf anything high-tech was able to accomplish in the 1990s.
(1) There is an Artificial Intelligence (AI) boom going on and many people don’t yet realize it is even happening. AI is used in:
i. Self-driving and parking cars. AI is used by Audi, Mercedes-Benz, Tesla, Toyota and Volvo.
ii. Maps and navigation. Enter where you are and where you want to go by car and Google Maps, for example, will give you a choice of routes, the time optimal route taking into account construction and traffic.
iii. Facial detection or recognition. Facial detection identifies a human face or facial recognition that identifies a specific face that can be used for surveillance and security.
iv. Digital assistants such as Amazon’s Alexa, Apple’s Siri, Google’s Now and Microsoft’s Cortana. When combined with search and recommendation AI, Alexa or Siri is able to learn your preferences and recommend things you are interested in.
v. Customer service chatbots that answer frequently asked questions, track orders or direct calls. Often people will be unaware they are dealing with a machine.
vi. Vehicle recognition use computer vision and deep learning to find a specific car on a surveillance video.
vii. Robot vacuums can scan a living area, look for and remember objects in the way, remember the best route for cleaning the area and decide how many times it should repeat cleaning a specific area.
It is estimated that by 2030, between 400 and 800 million jobs will be displaced by Artificial Intelligence and 375 million people will have to change to a totally different type of work. It is also forecast that it is not just lower-paying, blue-collar jobs that will be replaced by AI. Jobs such as accountants, lawyers, doctors, investment advisors and portfolio managers might all be substantially eliminated. AI will impact all industries and the rate of change will be exponential, that is, the rate of change will accelerate.
For example, what does a doctor do? In general, a doctor gathers new information, refers to a patient’s medical history, refers to a medical book or today’s Internet, makes a diagnosis and provides s treatment. This is also what a lawyer does. AI might reach the point where it can do it faster and better than a human..
AI does present threats to human existence. As AI is changing exponentially, it will happen faster than the technology boom of the 1990s. It took technology 20 years to produce the changes we discussed above. AI could produce equivalent changes in 10 or 15 years. For example, ChatGPT, an AI product went from zero to 100 million users within months making it the fastest-growing consumer software product in history. There will be others.
(2) The AI shift could drive economic change and a stock market cycle at least as significant as the last “dot.com” cycle. The “go-to” companies today for participation in AI are the likes of Alphabet (NASDAQ: GOOGL), Amazon (NASDAQ: AMZN), Meta (NASDAQ: META), Microsoft (NASDAQ: MSFT), Nvidia (NASDAQ: NVDA) and Oracle (NYSE: ORCL). These are very large companies. GOOGL has a market cap of $1.6 trillion, AMZN has a market cap of $1.2 trillion, META has a market cap of $$648 billion, MSFT has a market cap of $2.4 trillion, NCDA has a market cap of $963 billion and ORCL has a market cap of $282 billion.
(3) While these are excellent businesses, they are also amongst the world’s largest companies. In 2022, GOOGL, META and MSFT purchased 2 out of every 3 AI chips. In my opinion, it is almost unthinkable that GOOGL can be a ten-bagger from a base market cap of $1.6 trillion or AMZN from $1.2 trillion. But it is clear these stocks now have a major component of their value derived from involvement in Artificial Intelligence and it is not surprising that early adopters would choose a lower risk/lower return approach to gain exposure to an emerging Artificial Intelligence industry.
(4) The changes created by AI also carry some risks. The speed of change will be challenging to human beings. There are forecasts that say one in four workers globally will see their jobs disappear and one in eight workers will have to be retrained in a totally unrelated field. During the industrial revolution and the tech boom, there was always the promise of more and better jobs. With AI we may have reached the point where machines actually do replace workers.
(5) Cathie Wood is a well-known and widely followed money manager with a reputation for expertise in the Artificial Intelligence sector. Wood manages a range of portfolios including the ARK Innovation Exchange Traded Fund (ARKK) and since its founding in 2014, Bloomberg estimates NDVA has contributed 13% of the fund’s 112% total return only behind Grayscale Bitcoin Trust, Invitae Corp and Tesla. That is all positive but Wood sold the ARKK holding in NVDA in January 2023 just before it rallied strongly adding some $560 billion to its market cap with $200 billion coming on one day after reporting earnings. Wood’s investors have basically missed the huge rally in the stock and the sector in 2023.
(6) But there is another phase I would look for and that is the participation of smaller, retail investors. Whether it was in the tech cycle I discussed above, the “meme” stocks or commodity exploration and development cycles in the past, the retail investor buys in before the bull market ends. Market pundits such as Citi global asset allocation and Vanda Research make the same observation: where is the retail investor?
We know the institutional investors have been getting in. So far in 2023 according to Bloomberg, the top 4% of stocks in the S&P 500 have contributed 94% of the index return and 8 of the top 20 include Apple, Microsoft, Amazon, Alphabet Class A, NVIDIA, Alphabet Class C, Tesla and Meta. In other words, the top 2% of the stocks in the S&P 500 contributed 94% of the return. Through mid-May, if the AI stocks are omitted, the S&P Index would be down -1.4% instead of up +8.3%. All of these stocks are AI leaders and each of them is an institutional stock. Yet, I believe the retail investor will come into the market and when they do, it is stocks like PMED for which they have always had an appetite.
C. I think investors will get more bang for their buck by investing in a small company like Predictmedix Inc. (CSE: PMED, OTCQB: PMEDF) with a total commitment to AI. From a base market cap of $16.6 million and, as I have pointed out in recent reports, many different business verticals to get them higher, I see PMED as a unique opportunity for aggressive growth investors. It is hard to imagine any decade having more of an impact on the ensuring socio-economic decades than the 1990s. Imagine your activities today without your cellphone, Internet, email and texting.
I expect the cycle driven by AI to be a long one, similar to the dot-com cycle that lasted longer than the decade of the 1990s. To the right is a chart published by Luke Lango’s Hypergrowth Investing. It shows the stock market in the 1990s and overlays current results. The parallels Lango sees include:
• Federal Reserve’s tight money policy slowed economic growth in 1990 as it is doing currently.
• In 1990, the markets were down around 20% and in 2022 stocks dropped around 25%.
• In late 1990, the Fed started reducing interest rates and the markets rebounded.
• In late 2022, the Fed has turned less hawkish and into 2023 has slowed the pace of interest rate increases. The markets have been recovering.
• In the early 1990’s, the dot-com stock market rally began and the market would advance generally higher for the rest of the decade and into the new millennium.
• Today, it is Artificial Intelligence that is pushing stocks higher and given my expectations for AI, it could stock prices higher until at least 2030.
Conclusion: I believe Predictmedix Inc. (CSE: PMED, OTCQB: PMEDF) is exceptionally well positioned to participate in the upcoming boom in Artificial Intelligence. There are many different ways to describe market cycles that evolve around such drivers. Here is mine:

1. Accumulation: the earliest buyers tend to be larger institutions that gain the information necessary to be early adopter. I have given several statistics to show this has been happening.
2. Retail Participation/Speculation: as the story gains acceptance, less experienced investors enter the market and prices begin to rise more quickly. After two to three years of combined buying by large and small investors, it is possible to identify speculative activities such as very rapid increases in a stock price or underwritings of companies based on questionable valuations. This is the next phase I see ahead for the current AI cycle.
3. Distribution/Sale: At some point, toward the end of the Retail Participation/Speculation phase, some investors will begin to sell. It is popular to believe that institutional investors or “smart money” sell at this stage. During the many years, I have spent in the investment business, this is not true. Institutions can hold on to their AI stocks for far too long and end up seeing their portfolios incinerated. This is still many years away. The challenge today with a stock like PMED is not getting out; it is getting in.
4. Bear Market: eventually there will be a broad sell-off of AI stocks. Some institutions will sell without regard for their impact on the market. Margin buyers will get margin calls and may be forced to sell again without regard to price. At this time, over half of the AI companies trading at that time will simply disappear. Some will be successful but remain smaller. Some will merge with another AI company. Some will be acquired. Very few will survive and become leaders in the industries. They will become the Alphabets, Amazons, Metas, Microsofts, Nvidias, and Oracles of the 2040s and 2050s.

I started out with the quote “History doesn’t repeat itself, but it often rhymes.” So I don’t think the AI cycle of the 2020s will be the same as the high-tech cycle of the 1990s but I think it will be similar. If you agree, Predictmedix Inc. (CSE: PMED, OTCQB: PMEDF) is a stock to buy for your portfolio.

Predictmedix – a great way to surf the Artificial Intelligence wave.
​
https://preview.redd.it/o7ilbe1kum4b1.png?width=741&format=png&auto=webp&s=c615cc31782669ba92264cf19791b7d70c582800
There is a saying attributed to Mark Twain that goes, “History doesn’t repeat itself, but if often rhymes.” This means circumstances might be different but similar events often recur. This is good because securities regulators demand that you make it clear that in the financial markets, “Past performance is no guarantee of future results.”
However, investment analysts continue to use rhymes and here’s one that could help you see sizeable investment returns from Predictmedix Inc. (CSE: PMED, OTCQB: PMEDF). This is how the rhyme comes together:
A. The 1990s technology boom: The parallel I see is between the current Artificial Intelligence cycle and the dot-com stock market cycle of ≈1990 to ≈ 2002. As background, the 1990s either developed or laid the groundwork for changes that completely transformed the world we live in. Out of that time came many new technologies and related developments and each was highly disruptive. Here is a very brief list of some of those developments:
(1) Nokia was the first mass-produced cellphone offered in 1992 with the ability to send and receive phone calls as well as store data (e.g. phone numbers).
(2) The World Wide Web, a.k.a. the Web browser was proposed in 1990 and debuted in 1991. This was the start of the Internet, Websites, e-mails and a massive amount of information that would become available to everyone.
(3) With the explosion of data available, finding it became a challenge. Mosaic started as the first search engine in 1993 followed by Yahoo in 1994 and Google in 1998. Today, Google has risen to the top and become synonymous with an Internet search. Google it.
(4) Other important developments of that time included the growth in the capacity of microprocessors, Photoshop, texting, rechargeable lithium-ion batteries, realistic videogames for a more adult market, collecting and using DNA, the start of e-tailing and more.
(5) Finally, we have the stock market. Cisco, Dell, Intel and Microsoft are sometimes referred to as the four horsemen of the 1990s tech boom. But we can’t ignore Apple and Google and there were many more that benefited. The smaller, new, Initial Public Offering companies came to the fore with incredibly high returns in the second half of the 1990s.
The chart to the right shows how stock markets performed during the 1990’s high-tech boom. A few things are worth noting:
(1) The Dot.Com stock market cycle lasted a long t time. Essentially, more than the decade of the 1990s. It’s length reflected the importance of the fundamental changes taking place.
(2) There was an important development regarding the stock market that has become part of the stock market legend. On December 5, 1996, Federal Reserve Board Chairman Alan Greenspan in a televised speech used the term “irrational exuberance” to describe a stock market that he thought was highly speculative and overvalued. His comment was intended as a warning from the Fed that the stock market, driven by the high-tech developments described above, was overvalued. His timing was five years early which is a lifetime in the stock market.
(3) The five years after Greenspan’s “irrational exuberance” statement was the most profitable for investors of the entire ten years plus of the stock market cycle.
As you sit reading this brief, imagine your life without a cell phone, the Internet, e-mail and text messages. How different would your life be without just these four products that emerged from the 1990s. A more relevant question might be how different would your life be if you had purchased shares in Apple or Cisco or Dell or Google or Microsoft back then?
B. The Artificial Intelligence Boom (AI): The term Artificial Intelligence was created in 1955. The idea was to have a machine that could take data, and find patterns that would enable it to make predictions and reach conclusions (make decisions). The Oxford Dictionary defines AI as “The theory and development of computer systems able to perform tasks that normally require human intelligence, such as visual perception, speech recognition, decision-making, and translation between languages.”
It was Moore’s Law in 1975 that stated the capacity of semiconductors would continue to double every two years which enabled computers to be able to put into practice the AI Boom that is taking place today. Current forecasts say the AI industry will grow to $900 billion by 2026 and $15.7 trillion by 2030. AI growth in the 1920s could dwarf anything high-tech was able to accomplish in the 1990s.
(1) There is an Artificial Intelligence (AI) boom going on and many people don’t yet realize it is even happening. AI is used in:
i. Self-driving and parking cars. AI is used by Audi, Mercedes-Benz, Tesla, Toyota and Volvo.
ii. Maps and navigation. Enter where you are and where you want to go by car and Google Maps, for example, will give you a choice of routes, the time optimal route taking into account construction and traffic.
iii. Facial detection or recognition. Facial detection identifies a human face or facial recognition that identifies a specific face that can be used for surveillance and security.
iv. Digital assistants such as Amazon’s Alexa, Apple’s Siri, Google’s Now and Microsoft’s Cortana. When combined with search and recommendation AI, Alexa or Siri is able to learn your preferences and recommend things you are interested in.
v. Customer service chatbots that answer frequently asked questions, track orders or direct calls. Often people will be unaware they are dealing with a machine.
vi. Vehicle recognition use computer vision and deep learning to find a specific car on a surveillance video.
vii. Robot vacuums can scan a living area, look for and remember objects in the way, remember the best route for cleaning the area and decide how many times it should repeat cleaning a specific area.
It is estimated that by 2030, between 400 and 800 million jobs will be displaced by Artificial Intelligence and 375 million people will have to change to a totally different type of work. It is also forecast that it is not just lower-paying, blue-collar jobs that will be replaced by AI. Jobs such as accountants, lawyers, doctors, investment advisors and portfolio managers might all be substantially eliminated. AI will impact all industries and the rate of change will be exponential, that is, the rate of change will accelerate.
For example, what does a doctor do? In general, a doctor gathers new information, refers to a patient’s medical history, refers to a medical book or today’s Internet, makes a diagnosis and provides s treatment. This is also what a lawyer does. AI might reach the point where it can do it faster and better than a human..
AI does present threats to human existence. As AI is changing exponentially, it will happen faster than the technology boom of the 1990s. It took technology 20 years to produce the changes we discussed above. AI could produce equivalent changes in 10 or 15 years. For example, ChatGPT, an AI product went from zero to 100 million users within months making it the fastest-growing consumer software product in history. There will be others.
(2) The AI shift could drive economic change and a stock market cycle at least as significant as the last “dot.com” cycle. The “go-to” companies today for participation in AI are the likes of Alphabet (NASDAQ: GOOGL), Amazon (NASDAQ: AMZN), Meta (NASDAQ: META), Microsoft (NASDAQ: MSFT), Nvidia (NASDAQ: NVDA) and Oracle (NYSE: ORCL). These are very large companies. GOOGL has a market cap of $1.6 trillion, AMZN has a market cap of $1.2 trillion, META has a market cap of $$648 billion, MSFT has a market cap of $2.4 trillion, NCDA has a market cap of $963 billion and ORCL has a market cap of $282 billion.
(3) While these are excellent businesses, they are also amongst the world’s largest companies. In 2022, GOOGL, META and MSFT purchased 2 out of every 3 AI chips. In my opinion, it is almost unthinkable that GOOGL can be a ten-bagger from a base market cap of $1.6 trillion or AMZN from $1.2 trillion. But it is clear these stocks now have a major component of their value derived from involvement in Artificial Intelligence and it is not surprising that early adopters would choose a lower risk/lower return approach to gain exposure to an emerging Artificial Intelligence industry.
(4) The changes created by AI also carry some risks. The speed of change will be challenging to human beings. There are forecasts that say one in four workers globally will see their jobs disappear and one in eight workers will have to be retrained in a totally unrelated field. During the industrial revolution and the tech boom, there was always the promise of more and better jobs. With AI we may have reached the point where machines actually do replace workers.
(5) Cathie Wood is a well-known and widely followed money manager with a reputation for expertise in the Artificial Intelligence sector. Wood manages a range of portfolios including the ARK Innovation Exchange Traded Fund (ARKK) and since its founding in 2014, Bloomberg estimates NDVA has contributed 13% of the fund’s 112% total return only behind Grayscale Bitcoin Trust, Invitae Corp and Tesla. That is all positive but Wood sold the ARKK holding in NVDA in January 2023 just before it rallied strongly adding some $560 billion to its market cap with $200 billion coming on one day after reporting earnings. Wood’s investors have basically missed the huge rally in the stock and the sector in 2023.
(6) But there is another phase I would look for and that is the participation of smaller, retail investors. Whether it was in the tech cycle I discussed above, the “meme” stocks or commodity exploration and development cycles in the past, the retail investor buys in before the bull market ends. Market pundits such as Citi global asset allocation and Vanda Research make the same observation: where is the retail investor?
We know the institutional investors have been getting in. So far in 2023 according to Bloomberg, the top 4% of stocks in the S&P 500 have contributed 94% of the index return and 8 of the top 20 include Apple, Microsoft, Amazon, Alphabet Class A, NVIDIA, Alphabet Class C, Tesla and Meta. In other words, the top 2% of the stocks in the S&P 500 contributed 94% of the return. Through mid-May, if the AI stocks are omitted, the S&P Index would be down -1.4% instead of up +8.3%. All of these stocks are AI leaders and each of them is an institutional stock. Yet, I believe the retail investor will come into the market and when they do, it is stocks like PMED for which they have always had an appetite.
C. I think investors will get more bang for their buck by investing in a small company like Predictmedix Inc. (CSE: PMED, OTCQB: PMEDF) with a total commitment to AI. From a base market cap of $16.6 million and, as I have pointed out in recent reports, many different business verticals to get them higher, I see PMED as a unique opportunity for aggressive growth investors. It is hard to imagine any decade having more of an impact on the ensuring socio-economic decades than the 1990s. Imagine your activities today without your cellphone, Internet, email and texting.
I expect the cycle driven by AI to be a long one, similar to the dot-com cycle that lasted longer than the decade of the 1990s. To the right is a chart published by Luke Lango’s Hypergrowth Investing. It shows the stock market in the 1990s and overlays current results. The parallels Lango sees include:
• Federal Reserve’s tight money policy slowed economic growth in 1990 as it is doing currently.
• In 1990, the markets were down around 20% and in 2022 stocks dropped around 25%.
• In late 1990, the Fed started reducing interest rates and the markets rebounded.
• In late 2022, the Fed has turned less hawkish and into 2023 has slowed the pace of interest rate increases. The markets have been recovering.
• In the early 1990’s, the dot-com stock market rally began and the market would advance generally higher for the rest of the decade and into the new millennium.
• Today, it is Artificial Intelligence that is pushing stocks higher and given my expectations for AI, it could stock prices higher until at least 2030.
Conclusion: I believe Predictmedix Inc. (CSE: PMED, OTCQB: PMEDF) is exceptionally well positioned to participate in the upcoming boom in Artificial Intelligence. There are many different ways to describe market cycles that evolve around such drivers. Here is mine:

1. Accumulation: the earliest buyers tend to be larger institutions that gain the information necessary to be early adopter. I have given several statistics to show this has been happening.
2. Retail Participation/Speculation: as the story gains acceptance, less experienced investors enter the market and prices begin to rise more quickly. After two to three years of combined buying by large and small investors, it is possible to identify speculative activities such as very rapid increases in a stock price or underwritings of companies based on questionable valuations. This is the next phase I see ahead for the current AI cycle.
3. Distribution/Sale: At some point, toward the end of the Retail Participation/Speculation phase, some investors will begin to sell. It is popular to believe that institutional investors or “smart money” sell at this stage. During the many years, I have spent in the investment business, this is not true. Institutions can hold on to their AI stocks for far too long and end up seeing their portfolios incinerated. This is still many years away. The challenge today with a stock like PMED is not getting out; it is getting in.
4. Bear Market: eventually there will be a broad sell-off of AI stocks. Some institutions will sell without regard for their impact on the market. Margin buyers will get margin calls and may be forced to sell again without regard to price. At this time, over half of the AI companies trading at that time will simply disappear. Some will be successful but remain smaller. Some will merge with another AI company. Some will be acquired. Very few will survive and become leaders in the industries. They will become the Alphabets, Amazons, Metas, Microsofts, Nvidias, and Oracles of the 2040s and 2050s.

I started out with the quote “History doesn’t repeat itself, but it often rhymes.” So I don’t think the AI cycle of the 2020s will be the same as the high-tech cycle of the 1990s but I think it will be similar. If you agree, Predictmedix Inc. (CSE: PMED, OTCQB: PMEDF) is a stock to buy for your portfolio.

We recently purchased a hand-woven flat weave wool area rug (8' x 10') for our living room that's fairly thick with a highly textured surface — lots of little knots / twists that stick up and look sort of like a bed of pebbles:
https://preview.redd.it/m85kjow5gm4b1.jpg?width=1151&format=pjpg&auto=webp&s=d8f2642cefe19392b94de85b54b7cc73df0d5f42
I'm looking for a new canister vacuum to properly clean and care for the rug over time without causing damage. The manufacturer's care instructions say to vacuum regularly with suction only and not use a rotating brush, although the in-store representative did say they and other employees frequently use both Dyson and Miele brush heads and haven't noticed issues. The care instructions may be a bit CYA, but I'd like to err on the side of what's best for protecting the rug long-term.
Outside of this rug, our apartment is ~1,000 sqft with all hard flooring. Mainly wood, except for two rooms with tile, and a few other area rugs that are either wool or a mix of jute and wool. No carpet now or plans for it in the future. We have a short-haired dog that sheds twice a year and us two humans that shed constantly. Allergies are a concern, but the filtration with a Sebo or Miele should be sufficient.
We're coming from a 15 year old Sterilaire ST-350, which is a rebadged Numatic canister, with a Wessel-Werk TK 284 turbo brush and felt brush hard floor tool. A downside of the current vacuum is that the suction isn't really adjustable. There's a bleeder valve on the handle, but it's still quite strong, which especially makes cleaning the rugs difficult. I also don't particularly love the felt brush tool and the cord isn't retractable. It'll be retired to garage and car duty.
Right now we're leaning towards the Sebo E1 with a Kombi nozzle (brush retracted) for the rugs and a Premium Parquet Brush (front brush strip removed) for the floors. We have a housekeeper who comes every other week, so ease of instruction and use, along with having distinct tools already set up for the different surfaces, seems ideal.
We took the sample of the new rug to a local Sebo dealer and they suggested that the ET-1 (even with the soft brush roller) and Turbo Brush would both likely be too rough for the wool compared to the Kombi.
I thought I'd see what the experts here think about the E1 setup we're considering. A slight concern is making sure we're sufficiently cleaning the rugs if we go the suction-only route without any agitation, as I know embedded dirt can also cause wear of its own over time.
A couple other questions for the group:

1. Is there a recommendation between the Kombi (8351GS) and Premium Kombi (7260GS) for use specifically with rugs? It looks like the main differences are the Premium Kombi's two extra wheels, metal plate, and dual air channel design. Or is there another tool that would work best?
2. Does anyone have insight into whether Sebo will release a true HEPA exhaust filter for the E series, like they have for the K series? This isn't a deal breaker, but it'd be great if something's potentially in the pipeline as an add-on.
3. I'm drawn to the reliability and repairability of Sebo, but is there a comparable Miele model and tool set we should be looking at, like maybe the C1 Pure Suction + Wessel-Werk RD285 Designation? Or something from Numatic?

Thanks everyone!

I've been doing online research as well as some tinkering and was planning on building a prototype to demonstrate the first ever vacuum balloon, but I'm running into issues with expenses and time. I believe I've identified 2 approaches using well known materials that should work but one in particular that could be pulled off by a garage tinkerer with extra time and money to spare on the project.
Along the way I also started experimenting with creating foams using a technique I've basically invented as far as I can tell. I can't find any literature on it. I've gotten mixed results with it and am just not sure if it will ever work at least without being done properly in a lab setting. The approach has a lot of promise and I'll explain why.
There's a lot to go into on this subject. I've written about vacuum balloons before so if this is a new concept for you, you should give it a read.
I'm human so some of this work could have errors in it, but I have done experiments to test my theory and gotten interesting results. I have measured weight reduction in some of my designs and I have accurately predicted the results in cases where I could measure properly. That gave me a lot of hope to continue on at first but it's just a lot of work and I went way over budget early on. I can't keep pouring money into the project anymore and it hurts to say that because some of the results are so interesting. Also, life gets's busy and I can only tinker for so long.

Shapes

The best shape is a sphere because you need to withstand the atmospheric pressure outside the balloon pushing in at about 14 psi. For the same reasons we build bridges with arches, the sphere is the best shape for this because it will spread the forces out evenly. It becomes a matter of having a material that can withstand the compressive forces and in the case of non-uniformity (which to some degree is always going to be present) shear forces. Of course, the material also needs to be lightweight or it will never lift. Many sources will erroneously tell you no such material exists, but this isn't true. In theory, there are multiple materials that would probably work but the issue starts to become the total size of the balloon (and defects.) You could make it out of glass, but the balloon would have to be incredibly large and would be insanely prone to shattering and that's even if it was made defect free so there's really no point in trying normal glass. This is where choosing your materials is key so that you don't waste your time.
The volume of a sphere is V = 4/3πr^3
To calculate the buoyant force of lift at atmosphere you can simply multiply the volume by 1.29 kg/m3 and that will give you the amount it can lift in kg. Simply multiply by 2.2 for conversion to get the number in pounds. This formula was derived from the formula below.
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https://preview.redd.it/a053ah0fyl4b1.png?width=516&format=png&auto=webp&s=10b7f939d0762cc293aba5c90c2394f3ff5a4ac7
The 1.29 kg/m3 is the fluid density of atmosphere and I simply removed the acceleration of gravity to show the force in units of pure weight rather than in Newtons. It's a simple calculation and understanding it is key to helping you design the vacuum balloon.
Now that you understand how to calculate the lifting force of vacuum in a sphere you can run a bunch of numbers and see for yourself that the lifting force is very small below radius 1 and grows exponentially above radius 1. This means it will be exceptionally hard to build a working vacuum balloon below radius 1 but unfortunately there are limitations to building large structures as well. Usually you want a prototype to be simple and cheap, not experimental in and of itself. This means the first demonstrated vacuum balloon will likely be about 2 meters in diameter or about 6 feet. It also means a vacuum balloon of very large proportions would potentially have incredible lifting force.
Now that you understand the relations between size and lifting force all you need to do is calculate the volume of the envelope of the spherical balloon. This is done by simply calculating the volume of a sphere of the size of the envelope and then subtracting that by the volume of the inner void. The difference is the volume of your envelope and you can easily calculate the weight of your envelope by multiplying the density by the volume. If you do this while calculating the lifting force and plug different numbers in you can easily see how the ratio of weight to volume works. You can also see how the density influences this and even can compare the volume of different shapes if you really want to just to see how much better a sphere really is than perhaps a square.
It's very important to point out that one of my biggest lessons in building prototypes is that there can't be any defects. I originally was making hemispheres and trying to join them together before pumping down to vacuum and every time there was a failure it was at the meeting of the two hemispheres. One solid piece seems to be necessary. It's conceivable that two hemispheres can be joined and bonded to become one solid piece free of defects, but I unfortunately did not have the materials to do this. I did do some experiments and found that you can reinforce this area with lightweight bamboo if necessary. However, these were small preliminary designs and I'm not confident that would scale well.
It's worth noting that the next best shape is a cylinder with hemispheres on each end. Basically a tic tac shape. It's only worth attempting this shape if you have reasons to from a manufacturing perspective. For example, I played around with the idea of making a foam sheet and then rolling it into a cylinder before it set rather than attempting to cast a foam hemisphere. It only makes sense if you are attempting a volume too large to pull off as a sphere for practical reasons (like it would't fit in garage or won't caste evenly.) Because it still needs hemispheres it's a design best left for after demonstrating a spherical design.

Materials

I dive into the use of aerogels and xerogels in the article referenced above. The purpose of these foam materials is because when engineered properly they retain a lot of their strength but lose a lot of their weight which actually increases their strength to weight ratio and that's exactly what we need to make this work. There is no material in bulk form worth pursuing for this design. You absolutely have to use a foam material. Even if you could pull it off using glass or beryllium, it's just not practical even for demonstration purposes. During my search I found the most attractive material in the bulk to be polycarbonate. It's still not worth trying in bulk form, so I invented a way to make a foam out of it. Polycarbonate is lighter and stronger than glass. Nobody has ever made an aerogel out of it that I'm aware of. I did not image my foam because I'm not doing this work in a sophisticated lab, but I can say fairly confidently that it's about 75% porosity. That's impressive, but I suspect that a lot of the bonding is weak and there's defects, but in my defense I used an insanely primitive and low tech technique.
There are two well known foams we all have access to that in theory should work. Styrofoam and polyurethane.
I understand that may cause you to sigh in disbelief. After all, polyurethane was invented in the 1930's at IG Farben and styrofoam in the 1940's so they are not only old but very ubiquitous. I should also point out that aerogel was invented in the 1930's and was once mass produced by Monsanto. None of these materials are new.
I used the given compressive and shear strengths published by a local styrofoam manufacturer to identify some common commercial grade foams that are very light weight that should work in theory if there's no defects. I tried working with them to have some custom shapes made, but they unfortunately are limited to 4 feet for one of the dimensions of their die blocks. This is very problematic even if we knew how to fuse two styrofoam hemispheres together. I'm not going to say it's impossible, but it makes pulling it off more challenging. I did do some experiments with small 1 foot diameter styrofoam hemispheres that are commonly available and managed to measure a weight reduction before it imploded. Anybody can replicate these experiments. I expected it to fail because the thickness was less than 1 inch. I found the best design was to nest two of these styrofoam spheres within each other but with the orientations opposing so that the point of failure for the outer sphere was across the strongest points of the inner sphere. This should create a perpendicular crossing of the hemispheres of the inner and outer shells. This is also where I tried some glues. Gorilla glue works best and sure enough it's a polyurethane. I was so impressed by it that I switched over to attempting polyurethane designs for the sphere.
I found a polyurethane foam used in boating that is only 2lb/ft3 which is very impressive. It also boasts a compressive strength of 38 psi. I figure that means half an inch of this stuff would be able to handle 19 psi theoretically. That's 5 psi above the 14 psi we need for our vacuum balloon. It's not a lot of room for error, but it works in theory.
What I like about polyurethane is that you can fairly easily make custom shapes with it and DIY. I experimented with a few different techniques and can say that you need this foam to be open to the air to set properly, but it does take on conformal shapes fairly well. The best method I found to make a hemisphere out of it was to actually blow up a rubber balloon and fit that snug into a styrofoam sheet for support and then pour the polyurethane foam onto it and let it set. You can then use cutting tools to clean up the extra material. This method works, but the cutting is a pain as I did it by hand. Precision will likely be necessary to properly join the two hemispheres and I learned this the hard way when I tried to join them. A more precise way to form the hemispheres I found was to buy plastic hemispheres and coat them in wax (to make removal of the polyurethane easier.) This is far more expensive than the balloon but gives more precise results. You can find people selling these in sizes up to 6 feet but it will get pricey. It's worth mentioning that I had a hard time removing the set polyurethane from the plastic even with a wax coating (which I also verified experimentally is the least sticky thing to use) so I'm not sure it's even the best approach. I've tried reaching out to polyurethane component manufacturers but so far no response. I'm sure outsourcing this would remove a lot of headaches, but also be very expensive for such a custom piece.
Just to highlight why I think this commonly available polyurethane foam is promising I want to calculate a 1 meter radius sphere of one half inch thickness to show that it should work in theory. Of course, this means no defects including the joining of the two hemispheres which is still a problem to solve but it's possible gorilla glue and precision would solve it. Maybe a DIY'er with their own CNC may want to give it a shot.
Using the volume of sphere formula given above we see that the volume of 1 meter radius is 4.187m3. The volume of a sphere of 1 meter minus 1/2 inch is 4.0295 m3. The buoyant lift of that is 11.44 lbs. The difference in volume (to find the volume of the polyurethane used) is .1575 m3 or 5.56 ft3. At a density of 2 lbs/ft3 that gives a weight of 11 lbs of polyurethane. That's less than the 11.44 lbs of lift.
I know what you're probably thinking. How does it hold vacuum? It's true that polyurethane and styrofoam are not expected to hold vacuum (I actually did find experimentally that styrofoam does hold partial vacuum for a few hours after it's shrunk much like the LANL aerogel) but you can simply wrap the sphere in plastic to hold vacuum. I planned on experimenting with dip coatings, but for experimental purposes I came up with a very clever design that I will explain later. Just know that the plastic doesn't have to be very thick to hold vacuum so it's very much within the range of possibility to coat the sphere in a thin plastic layer at less than .44 lbs. Plastic is very dense, but we are talking about literally a few mils of material. This is also why I roll my eyes at people who mock me for attempting a design with materials that don't hold vacuum. You are not limited to materials that hold vacuum for your design when you can simply add a layer for that later.

Experimental Set Up

I initially bought one of those vacuum chambers made out of a large steel pan and thick acrylic. Mechanical pumps are easy to find and relatively cheap. Mine came with the chamber. However, I quickly found it wasn't big enough and attempting to build a larger one looked costly. This is where I got clever and shocked myself with a very cheap set up that actually works. I simply bought regular large sized vacuum bags designed for storing cloths because they have a clever little self sealing mechanism that traps the vacuum. These bags are not meant for actual vacuum with a mechanical pump so I wasn't sure how it would work. I also had to find a way to rig it all up. As funny as it sounds my solution was to take the nozzle of an empty plastic bottle that happened to fit onto the hose and then I cut a piece of EDPM rubber to cover the end meant for the bottle and put a small slit in the center for air to move through. I then pushed this into the self sealing part of the vacuum bag and it actually creates a seal and pumps down! And when you remove the pump it self seals!
I found I sometimes had issues with pumping down properly and solved this by using a metal straw that I placed inside the bag near the seal and directed towards the sphere to act as a channel. Once again, to my surprise this works very well.
So, I then disassembled my original steel pot vacuum chamber and used the parts along with some parts I had to buy online to rig the pressure gauge into the system so that I could verify how much vacuum I was achieving. I'm a bit proud of this DIY set up because it works so well.
In order to properly record your results you must weight the vacuum bag and the metal straw as well as your experimental sphere before vacuuming. Then vacuum it down and pay attention to the gauge. If your design is not very good it may implode before achieving full vacuum. That's okay. You can actually measure a weight reduction without reaching the full vacuum. "Full" vacuum in this case is actually what is known as low vacuum. Low vacuum is all you need for a vacuum balloon to work as you have effectively removed most of the air and it's not necessary to reach medium or high vacuum.
This set up was for spheres of only 1 foot diameter and I don't think there are bags large enough for 6 foot spheres. However, my plan was to use a heat gun to stitch a bunch of the bags together to make it work. It's dirty but once again it should work theoretically. I was also planning on using a heat gun to section off portions of the bag to seal it around the sphere and cut off excess material but that part is really only necessary if you are about to achieve lift. I imagine it's possible once you've proven you can make a structure strong enough and light enough for lift that a better technique would be to incorporate a valve and find a way to dip coat the sphere to seal it. I never got this far.

A Potential New Approach To Foam

I mentioned experimenting with making foams and identifying polycarbonate as good material to turn into a nano foam. I use the term nano foam because aerogel wouldn't be technically correct. They are both nano foams. The aerogel is made using gel. This approach doesn't. It's very low tech and dirty. I theorized I could use the fact that polycarbonate is a thermoplastic to my advantage and mix it as a powder with another material that can withstand it's glass transition temperature but is also easily soluble in water. So, I found some polycarbonate powder (first American apparently to buy it) and mixed it with some ordinary table salt then put it in the oven. I know this sounds ridiculous. Then I washed the sample after it cooled in the sink and dried it with paper towels. Then I soaked it in rubbing alcohol and dried that with paper towels. Then I let it sit overnight to fully evaporate if it's a big sample. Then I weighed it. When I mix the powder in a 1:1 ratio by weight the sample after washing it weights exactly half of when I started without losing any volume. So I washed out all of the salt. But, that's not all. Because this method is basically sintering the particles together, it already had lots of air pockets in it to begin with. I attempted to make a one cubic inch sample to measure the density and it's not the most precise but the density is roughly 4.7 g/in3 which is about a quarter of the density of bulk polycarbonate. This means it's porosity is about 75%. It's not he 90-99.99% of commercial aerogel, but I personally find the initial results surprising. There's a lot of ideas I have to tweak this including playing with the mix ratio, grain size, uniformity of the particles, and aerating the powder. What I find very interesting about this technique in general is that it actually would work with anything that can be sintered including other thermoplastics, ceramics, glasses and metals. This means this approach could be used to make porous metals or even metal nano foams.

The 2009 analysis of the metal sphere UFO

I've recently been made aware of the 1994 spherical UFO that Steve Colbern published a report on in 2009. A few things stand out to me as someone who has been actively working on vacuum balloons and ways to make porous metals. First, it looks like two hemispheres nested inside each other exactly as I describe was my best approach to making a vacuum balloon based off of experimental results. Second, the sphere is presumably hollow. Third, the report clearly states that the sample analyzed was a porous metal with nanostructures present. A hollow porous shell with nested hemispheres of opposing orientation is exactly what I would expect a vacuum balloon to look like. There are ways to use my technique on titanium to make it porous although I haven't done so experimentally because it's melting point is very high. Materials other than salt could be used but even if salt was used it would be interesting because it would vaporize at the glass transition temp of titanium which actually might help make it more porous. I do believe Na and Cl impurities were present in the sample according to the report. Perhaps one could experimentally recreate this sample using this method (minus the isotopes.)

Crowdsourcing

If anybody wants to crowdsource the work on this with me I'm open to it. Also, if people are open to crowdfunding the research I'm open to that as well. Either way, it's up on the internet now. Maybe 10 years from now somebody as crazy as me will pick up where I left off. I might return to this at a later date, but without help I think I need to take a break.

摘要：本文主要阐述了IT隔离电源系统在深圳市第三人民医院ICU、手术室内的应用，以及IT隔离电源系统的重要性、优点及注意事项。 Abstract: This article mainly describes the application of IT isolated power system in ICU and operating room of the Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen city, as well as the importance, advantages and matters needing attention of IT isolated power system.
关键字：IT 隔离电源、系统、接地
Key words: IT isolated power supply, system, ground
1、项目概况 Project overview
深圳市第三人民医院项目，位于龙岗区布吉镇李朗立交桥西南侧，建设用地 100005 ㎡，总建筑面积 81737 ㎡，包含门诊楼和医技科研楼、住院楼、行政楼、学术报告厅等共十四栋建筑及配套道路、广场、绿化等。为深圳市重大建设项目，是一所与中心城建设相配套适应 深圳市规划发展的现代化的平战结合的传染病医院。是集医疗、科研、防保、教学与康复为 一体的“三级”传染病医院。
The project of Shenzhen Third People's Hospital is located in the southwest side of Lilang overpass in Buji Town, Longgang District. The construction area is 10,0005 ㎡, and the total construction area is 81,737 ㎡, including 14 buildings such as outpatient building, medical technology research building, inpatient building, administrative building and academic lecture hall, and supporting roads, squares and greening, etc..As a major construction project of Shenzhen city, it is a modern infectious disease hospital which is compatible with the construction of the central city and ADAPTS to the planned development of Shenzhen city.It is a three-level infectious disease hospital integrating medical treatment, scientific research, prevention and protection, teaching and rehabilitation.
2、关于设置 IT 隔离电源系统的相关规范要求
Specification requirements for setting up IT isolated power system
随着社会经济的不断发展，大型综合型的现代化医院不断投入建设，因而医院电气安全可靠也引起来业界的重视，其中关于 ICU、手术室等重要场合的配电安全可靠越来越引起业界重视。尤其是关于IT隔离电源的设置。GB16895.24-2005/IEC60364-7-710:2002 标准中规定，在医疗领域2类医疗场所内，用于维持生命的、外科手术的和其他位于“患者区域”内的医疗电器设备和系统的供电回路应选用带绝缘监视的医疗IT系统供电。2008年8月1日正式实施的《民用建筑电气设计规范》中12.8.6对医疗场所采用的IT系统供电做了相应要求和规定。
With the continuous development of society and economy, large comprehensive modern hospitals are constantly put into construction, so the electrical safety and reliability of hospitals have also attracted the attention of the industry.The safety and reliability of power distribution in important occasions such as ICU and operating room have attracted more and more attention from the industry. Especially with regard to IT isolation power Settings.According to gb16895.24-2005 /IEC60364-7-710:2002, the power supply circuit for life-sustaining, surgical, and other medical electrical equipment and systems located in the "patient area" in class 2 medical facilities in the medical field shall be powered by medical IT systems with insulation and monitoring.12.8.6 In the Civil Building Electrical Design Code officially implemented on August 1, 2008, the corresponding requirements and regulations are made for the POWER supply of IT system used in medical places.
（1）在2类医疗场所内，用于维持生命、外科手术和其他位于“患者区域”内的医用电气设备和系统的供电回路，均应采用医疗IT系统。
In class 2 medical facilities, the medical IT system shall be used for the power supply circuits for life-sustaining, surgical and other medical electrogas equipment and systems located in the "patient area".
（2）用途相同且相毗邻的房间内，至少应设置一回独立的医疗IT系统，并配有绝缘监测器。
Separate medical IT systems should be installed at least once in adjacent rooms for the same purpose.And it is equipped with insulation monitor.
（3）每个医疗IT系统应设在医务人员可以经常监视的地方，并应装设配备有声光报警系统。
Each health IT system should be located where medical personnel can monitor IT regularly and should be equipped with an audible and visual alarm system.
（4）医疗IT变压器应装设过负荷和过热的监测装置。
Medical IT transformers should be equipped with monitoring devices for overload and overheating.
12.8.10中对辅助等电位联结做了相关规定。同时，在条文说明中规定12.8.1-12.8.6，12.8.10是根据国家标准《特殊装置或场所的要求医疗场所》GB16895.24的规定。其中2类场所包括：抢救室（门诊手术室）、手术室、CU 室、导管介入室、血管照影检查室。
In 12.8.10, relevant provisions are made for auxiliary equipotential connection.At the same time, 12.8.1-12.8.6 are stipulated in the provisions of 12.8.10 in accordance with the national standard "Medical Places required by Special Devices or Places" GB16895.24.The two types of places include: emergency room (outpatient operating room), operating room, CU room, catheter intervention room and angiography room.
3、IT 隔离电源系统简介及医院采用的重要性 Introduction of IT isolated power system and importance of hospital adoption
1）IT隔离电源系统，I表示电源侧没有工作接地，或经过高阻抗接地。T 表示负载侧电气设备进行接地保护。IT系统在供电距离不是很长时，供电的可靠性高、安全性好。一般用于不允许停电的场所，或者是要求严格地连续供电的地方，医院的手术室、急救室和ICU室等二类场所必须采用IT系统。运用IT方式供电系统，即电源中性点不接地，一旦设备漏电，单相对地漏电电流很小，不会破坏电源电压的平衡，因此可以避免电击等电气事故，同时不足以使回路保护电器动作切断电源，保证供电的不间断。所以比电源中性点接地的系统安全、可靠。
IT isolates the power system, and I indicates that the power side is not working grounded, or is grounded through high impedance.T represents the grounding protection of the electrical and gas equipment at the load side.IT system in the power supply distance is not very long, the reliability of power supply is high, good security.Generally used in places where blackouts are not allowed, or where strict continuous power supply is required, IT systems must be used in hospital operating rooms, emergency rooms, ICU rooms, and other type ii places.The use of IT mode power supply system, that is, the neutral point of the power supply is not grounded, once the equipment leakage, single-phase leakage current to the ground is very small, will not destroy the balance of the power supply voltage, so IT can avoid electric shock and other electrical accidents, at the same time is not enough to make the circuit protection electrical equipment action cut off the power supply, to ensure the uninterrupted power supply.So than the power neutral grounding system is safe and reliable.
2）医院使用隔离电源系统的重要性和必要性。
The importance and necessity of using isolated power systems in hospitals.
众所周知，当用电设备对人体心脏直接漏电大于10uA 时，会造成对病人的微电击事故。
而在一般通用建筑中所采用的对地漏电保护开关，其动作响应值是mA 级（如：30 mA），远远不能满足医疗领域的需要。在医院的特殊环境里，漏电流对病人构成了潜在的危险，因此对电气安全设计也提出了特殊的要求。尤其是那些生命攸关的场所，如外科手术室、重症监护室、心脏手术室等地均需安装医用IT隔离电源系统，其目的就是为了保证对该场所内的医疗电器提供一个安全可靠的电源，以确保病人的安全。在导电体触及到心脏(例如，打开心脏的手术或埋置心脏起搏器)时，在普通安全接地的导体之间流过的细微电流会造成微电击和死亡的可能。隔离变压器就象一个门一样，将医疗地区的非保护区域和保护区域的电气线路隔开，保护区域内所有带电导体是与地隔离的，防止线路绝缘层上危险电流造成微电击。绝缘监视仪必须与隔离变压器配合使用，用来连续监视隔离变压器二次侧的带电导体与地之间的电阻及电流，例如，手术过程中流出体外的血液和金属制的手术台可能会使病人与地形成一个通路，这样就存在预期危险电流，一旦医疗电子设备的导电体也形成对地通路(如漏电)，将会造成宏电击(不是所有电流都流经心脏)或微电击(所有电流都流经心脏)。一般供电电网是以大地作为参考电位，相线中的电流可以通过任何未绝缘的通道，对地构成回路，这是电击的根本原因。隔离供电是采用隔离变压器供电，电源经隔离变压器后，原电网中的地已不再是参考电位了。隔离变压器任何一根输出线都不能与地构成回路，只能在两根输出线之间构成回路，这就提高了供电的可靠性。用隔离变压器以分隔非保护区域与保护区域，在隔离变压器的次级引出IT系统的电源，以防止产生接地故障电流。将IT系统引入手术室或急救室，在房间内设一配电箱，箱内放置绝缘监视仪，绝缘监视仪的使用可以及早的显示隔离变压器次级负载部分的绝缘状况，在发生绝缘故障对人身构成威胁前就提供报警信号。而此时电源不会被切断，保证了供电的连续性，医护人员此时可以根据监视仪上显示的漏电流大小和手术的实际情况及时处理，因而人身触电的危险被降低到了最小。
It is well known that when the direct leakage of electrical equipment to the human heart is greater than 10uA, it will cause a micro-shock accident to the patient.
However, the action response value of the earth leakage protection switch used in general general buildings is mA level (such as: 30 mA), which is far from meeting the needs of the medical field.In the special environment of hospital, leakage current poses a potential danger to patients, so special requirements are put forward for electrical safety design.In particular, those vital places, such as surgical operating rooms, intensive care units, cardiac operating rooms, etc., need to install medical IT isolation power system, the purpose of which is to ensure a safe and reliable power supply to medical appliances in the site, so as to ensure the safety of patients.When the conductor touches the heart (for example, during open-heart surgery or embedding a pacemaker), the tiny currents flowing between normally safely grounded conductors can cause micro-shocks and the possibility of death.The isolation transformer acts as a door separating the non-protected area of the medical area from the electrical wiring in the protected area. All live conductors in the protected area are isolated from the ground to prevent the dangerous current on the line insulation from causing a micro-shock.Insulation monitors must be used together with the isolation transformer, used for continuous monitoring isolation transformer secondary side of charged conductor and earth between the resistance and current, for example, in the process of the operation flow of blood and in vitro metal table may make the patient and to form a path, so there are dangerous currents, once the conductor in the medical electronic equipment form of pathways (such as leakage), will cause the macro electric shock (not all current flows through the heart) or micro electric shock (all electric current flows through the heart).Generally, the power supply network takes the ground as the reference potential, and the current in the phase line can pass through any uninsulated channel to form a circuit to the ground, which is the root cause of electric shock.Isolated power supply is the use of isolated transformer power supply, power through the isolated transformer, the original grid is no longer a reference potential.None of the output lines of the isolating transformer can form a circuit with the ground, but can only form a circuit between two output lines, which improves the reliability of power supply.The isolating transformer is used to separate the unprotected area from the protected area, and the power of the IT system is extracted at the secondary of the isolating transformer to prevent the generation of ground fault current.The IT system will be introduced into the operating room or emergency room, and a distribution box will be set in the room, and insulation monitors will be placed in the box. The use of insulation monitors can show the insulation status of the secondary load part of the isolation transformer as early as possible, and alarm signals will be provided before the insulation failure poses a threat to the person.At this time, the power will not be cut off, to ensure the continuity of power supply.Medical staff can then monitor the leakage current and the actual operation, so that the risk of personal shock is minimized.
4、深圳市某医院 IT 隔离电源系统的配置情况 Configuration of IT isolated power supply system in a hospital in Shenzhen city
深圳市某医院在所有手术室和ICU装设有医用IT隔离电源系统。具体组成包括隔离变压器、绝缘监视仪、外接报警和显示仪、电流互感器等，该系统集绝缘监视的连续性，提高防火负荷监视和变压器温度监视于一体，降低了接触电压和对地漏电流，使人身触电危险降低到最小程度，大大提高了事故预防能力，保持供电安全性。深圳市某医院选用的是德国本德尔IT隔离电源系统，其系统图如下：
A hospital in Shenzhen has installed a medical IT isolated power system in all operating rooms and ICUs.Specific composition including isolation transformer, insulation monitors, external alarm and display, current transformer, etc., the system sets the continuity of insulation monitoring, monitoring, and improve the fire load transformer temperature monitoring at an organic whole, reduces the contact voltage and the floor drain current, make person get an electric shock hazard to minimize, greatly improve the ability of accident prevention, to keep the power supply security.A hospital in Shenzhen city chose Bendell IT isolated power supply system from Germany. 系统图如下： The system diagram is as follows:
1）ICU中的IT隔离电源系统如下：
The IT isolated power system in the ICU is as follows:
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每个ICU装设一套6.3KVA IT系统（含6.3KVA隔离变压器ES710，绝缘监视仪107TD47，电流互感器STW2，外接报警显示和测试仪MK2007CBM-CN，仪器专用电源AN450）。
Each ICU is equipped with a set of 6.3KVA IT system (including 6.3KVA isolation transformer ES710, insulation monitor 107TD47, current transformer STW2, external alarm display and tester MK2007CBM-CN, special instrument power supply AN450).
2）手术室中IT隔离电源系统图 Diagram of IT isolated power supply system in operating room
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每个手术室装设有一套8KVAIT隔离电源系统（含隔离变压器8KVA、绝缘监视仪、专用电源、外接报警显示和测试仪MK2007CBM-CN）。
Each operating room is equipped with a set of 8KVAIT isolated power supply system (including isolation transformer 8KVA, insulation monitor, special power supply, external alarm display and tester MK2007CBM-CN).
3）系统设备功能: System and equipment functions:
a)绝缘监视仪 Insulation monitor
-绝缘监视报警系统符合IEC61557-8、IEC60364-7-710标准。
- 为医疗IT系统专用绝缘监视仪
- 绝缘监视、负荷监视和隔离变压器温度监视功能
- 带背光的液晶显示
- 绝缘监视响应值调节范围50kΩ-500Ω
- 过负荷监视响应值调节范围5A-50A
- 输出报警继电器
- RS485接口
- 测量值模拟电流信号输出
- 内置或外接自检按钮
- 接线监视
- 导轨安装
-交流内阻抗应至少为100kΩ;
-测试电压不大于直流25V;
-即使在故障情况下，其注入电流的峰值不大于1Ma;
-最迟在绝缘电阻降至50kΩ时，应发出信号,并配置试验此功能的器具。
- Insulation monitoring and alarm system conforms to IEC61557-8 and IEC60364-7-710 standards.
- Special insulation monitors for medical IT systems
- Insulation monitoring, load monitoring and isolation transformer temperature monitoring functions
- LCD with backlit display
- insulation monitoring response value adjusting range 50kΩ-500Ω
- Adjustment range of overload monitoring response value 5A-50A
- Output alarm relay
- RS485 interface
-Measured value analog current signal output
- Built-in or external self-check button
- Wiring monitoring
- Guide rail installation
- ac impedance should be at least 100kΩ;
- The test voltage shall not be greater than dc 25V;
- Even in the case of fault, the peak value of its injected current is not greater than 1Ma;
- the latest in insulation resistance to the 50 kΩ, should be a signal.And the apparatus for testing this function is configured.
b)隔离变压器 Isolating transformer
-满足《建筑物电气装置 第 7-710 部分：特殊装置或场所的要求—医疗场所
GB16895.24-2005/IEC60364-7-710:2002 710.512.1.6中规定:医用隔离变压器应符合IEC61558-2-15的要求。
- 容量 3.15-10kVA
- 绕组内部安装温度传感器
- 噪音低于 35 分贝
- 变压器紧靠医疗场所安装，安装在柜内或外护物内以免被无意地接触期带电部分。
-变压器的二次侧额定电压 Un 不超过 250V，用于移动式和固定式设备的医疗 IT 系统采用单相变压器，其额定输出容量不小于 0.5Kva，不超过 10Kva。
-隔离变压器的金属外壳与局部等电位联结端子板联结。
- Meeting electrical installations in buildings - Part 7-710: Requirements for special installations or places - Medical places
It is stipulated in GB16895.24-2005/IEC60364-7-710:2002 710.512.1.6 that medical isolating transformers shall meet the requirements of IEC61558-2-15.
- 3.15-10 kva capacity
- Temperature sensor is installed inside the winding
- Noise below 35 decibels
- The transformer is installed close to the medical site, in the cabinet or in the outer sheath to avoid inadvertent contact with live parts.
- the rated voltage on the secondary side of the transformer shall not exceed 250V. Medical IT systems for mobile and stationary equipment shall adopt single-phase transformers with rated output capacity of not less than 0.5Kva and not more than 10Kva.
- The metal housing of the isolating transformer is connected with the local equipotential connection terminal plate.
c) 外接报警显示和测试仪 Alarm and displaying device
- 绝缘监视仪的外接报警和显示装置
- 数码管显示绝缘阻值和负荷状况
- 蜂鸣器声报警及消音按钮
- RS485 接口
- 中文面板
- 防水面板易清洗
-实时监视隔离变压器负荷状况及变压器的绕阻温度。
-一只绿灯亮表示工作正常；
-当绝缘电阻下降到最小整定值时，一只黄灯亮。应不能消除或断开这个亮灯指示；
-当绝缘电阻下降到最小整定值时，音响报警动作。该音响报警可以解除；
-当故障被清除恢复正常后，黄色信号应熄灭。可监测医疗IT变压器的负荷过热。
- External alarm and display devices for insulation monitors
- Digital tube displays insulation resistance and load status
- Buzzer sound alarm and mute button
- RS485 interface
- Chinese panel
- The waterproof panel is easy to clean
- Real-time monitoring of isolating transformer load condition and transformer winding temperature.
- A green light indicates normal operation;
- A yellow light lights up when the insulation resistance drops to the minimum setting value.This light indicator should not be eliminated or disconnected;
- When the insulation resistance drops to the minimum setting value, the sound alarm action.The audible alarm can be cancelled;
- When the fault is cleared and restored to normal, the yellow signal should go out.Can monitor overload overheating of medical IT transformers
5、IT 隔离电源系统有以下优点:
IT isolated power system has the following advantages:
1）触电电压和漏电电流很小，不足以引发电击或其它电气事故；
1) The shock voltage and leakage current are too small to cause electric shock or other electrical accidents;
2）供电系统出现对地故障时，不会导致回路保护电器动作切断电源，保证了供电的不间断。
2) In case of ground fault of the power supply system, the circuit protection device will not cut off the power supply, which ensures the uninterrupted power supply.
6、采用IT隔离电源系统的注意事项
Precautions for using IT to isolate power systems.
1）IT 系统不能引出中性线，因为在中性线发生接地故障时绝缘监测仪无法故障报警，系统将变为 TT 或 TN 系统，再发生相线接地故障，则系统电源将被切断，可能会产生严重后果。
1) The IT system cannot lead out the neutral wire, because the insulation monitor cannot give an alarm when the neutral wire has ground fault, and the system will
If TT or TN system is changed, the power supply of the system will be cut off if the phase-to-ground fault occurs again, which may have serious consequences.
2）由于 IT 系统发生一相接地时，另两相对低电压将升高，因此对电气线路及电气设备绝缘水平要求较高。
2) The other two relatively low voltages will increase when the IT system is connected to the ground, so the electrical circuits and electrical equipment are insulated, the level is high.
3）IT 系统的绝缘监测仪需通过 PE 线接地，因此其与PE线的连接必须可靠。
3) The insulation monitor of the IT system needs to be grounded through the PE wire, so its connection with the PE wire must be reliable.
7、 安科瑞医疗IT隔离电源系统的介绍
An introduction to the Acrel Medical IT Isolation power system
7.1 概述Overview
随着电子医疗设备在医院领域的广泛应用，漏电流对病人构成的威胁也越来越大，尤其是那些生命攸关的场所，病人在手术中或麻醉状态下，各种电极、传感器直接插入人体内，微小的漏电流都有可能导致病人触电身亡。另外有些医疗设备用于维持重症病人的生命，一旦设备停电，也会对病人的生命构成威胁。因此，对于医疗这一特殊场所的电气设计，应严格按照国家标准和规范进行。
安科瑞医用IT系统绝缘监测故障定位装置及系统适用于医院的手术室、ICU(CCU)监护病房等重要场所，能为这类场所提供安全、连续、可靠的供电解决方案。
With the wide application of electronic medical equipment in the field of hospitals, leakage current poses more and more threats to patients, especially in those places where life is crucial. During surgery or under anesthesia, a variety of electrodes and sensors are directly inserted into the body of patients, and tiny leakage current may lead to death by electrocution.In addition, some medical equipment is used to maintain the life of seriously ill patients, once the equipment power failure, it will also pose a threat to the lives of patients.Therefore, the electrical design of this special place for medical treatment should be carried out in strict accordance with national standards and norms.
Ankore medical IT system insulation monitoring fault location device and system are suitable for the hospital operating room, ICU(CCU) ward and other important places, can provide safe, continuous, reliable power supply solutions for such places.
7.2 医用隔离电源系统Medical isolation power system
医用隔离电源监控系统用于集中监控医疗大楼内所有医疗２类场所医疗IT系统的运行状况。这种集中监控系统可以设置在医院电气运行和维护人员的值班室内，也可以集成在其它电力监控系统中，由专业的电气人员进行监控，一旦某套IT系统出现故障，电气维护人员也能在一时间内做出判断，并根据现场情况进行处理。
The medical Isolated power monitoring system is used to centrally monitor the health of the medical IT system in all medical 2 locations in the medical building.The centralized monitoring system can be set up in the hospital electrical operation and maintenance personnel on duty room, also can be integrated in other power monitoring system, monitoring by professional electrical personnel, once a set of IT systems fail, electrical maintenance personnel can in time to make a judgment, and according to the site condition for processing.
系统拓扑图 System topology
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7.3 软件功能Software functions
安科瑞医用隔离电源监控系统是基于触摸屏软件设计，软件具有远程测量、远程参数设置和远程自检等多种功能，为医院2类场所隔离电源系统的集中监控提供了强大的系统集成工具。软件的主要功能如下：
Acrel medical isolated power monitoring system is based on the touch screen software design, the software has a variety of functions such as remote measurement, remote parameter setting and remote self-inspection, which provides a powerful system integration tool for the centralized monitoring of the isolated power system in 2 types of hospitals.The main functions of the software are as follows:
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■ 一次图和现场分布显示
Primary diagram and field distribution display
系统具有一次图及现场分布图显示功能，能直观的了解并及时地发现IT供电系统的报警地点或区域，从而方便专业人员及时到达现场进行故障排查；
The system has the function of one-time diagram and field distribution diagram display, can intuitively understand and timely find the alarm location or area of IT power supply system, so as to facilitate professionals to timely arrive at the scene for fault troubleshooting;
■ 实时数据采集与显示
Real-time data acquisition and display
利用安装于各隔离电源系统中绝缘监测仪表和绝缘故障定位仪表，采集各隔离电源系统的参数。采集到的数据实时显示在监控系统界面，这些监测参量含IT系统对地绝缘电阻、变压器负荷电流、变压器绕组温度及绝缘故障回路等；
The parameters of each isolated power system are collected by means of insulation monitoring instrument and insulation fault location instrument installed in each isolated power system.The collected data will be displayed on the interface of the monitoring system in real time. These monitoring parameters include insulation resistance of IT system to ground, transformer load current, transformer winding temperature and insulation fault circuit, etc.
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■ 故障报警Fault alarm
将各医用隔离电源系统出现的各类故障，如绝缘故障、过载故障、超温故障以及接线断线故障等信息进行统一处理和记录，并可直接在显示界面上弹出显示故障类型、监测值、故障地点以及故障发生时间等信息。同时启动监控系统的声光报警系统，及时提醒相关人员，进行故障处理。其中，声音报警信号可被手动消除。
All kinds of faults in the medical isolated power system, such as insulation fault, overload fault, overtemperature fault and connection break fault, are uniformly processed and recorded, and information such as fault type, monitoring value, fault location and fault occurrence time can be displayed directly on the display interface.At the same time start the monitoring system sound and light alarm system, timely remind the relevant personnel, fault treatment.Among them, the sound alarm signal can be manually eliminated.
■ 远程参数设置和查询Remote parameter Settings and queries
通过系统，可根据要求远程调整和设置各医用隔离电源系统中绝缘监测仪的各类报警参数阈值，也可以任意查看这些报警参数值。参数包括绝缘报警值、负载电流报警值和隔离变压器温度报警值等。
Through the system, all kinds of alarm parameter thresholds of insulation monitors in medical isolated power supply systems can be adjusted and set remotely according to requirements, and these alarm parameter values can also be checked at will.The parameters include insulation alarm value, load current alarm value and isolation transformer temperature alarm value
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■ 图形显示功能：Graphic display function:
系统可以以曲线的形式，显示各套隔离电源系统的绝缘状况、负载状况，以及隔离变压器的温升状况，以及它们的变化趋势，以便于分管理人员了解和分析各电源系统的运行变化情况，有针对性的对某些系统进行维护和保养。
7.4 安科瑞医用IT系统四件套选型 Acrel medical IT system four-piece set selection
医用IT系统绝缘监测产品（四件套）包括AITR-S系列医用隔离变压器、AIM-M10医疗智能绝缘监测仪、AKH-0.66P26电流互感器和AID系列（AID10、AID150）外接报警与显示仪等，产品如图5所示。
The system can be in the form of a curve, showing the insulation status of each set of isolated power supply system, load status, as well as the isolation transformer temperature rise status, as well as their change trend, in order to facilitate the sub-managers to understand and analyze the operating changes of each power supply system, targeted maintenance and maintenance of some systems.
Insulation monitoring products of medical IT system (a four-piece set) include AITR S series medical isolation transformer, AIM-M10 medical intelligent insulation monitor, abakh 0.66P26 current transformer and AID series (AID10, AID150) external alarm and display instrument, etc., as shown in Figure 5.
名称及型号
Name and type
产品图片
Product Picture
说明
Description
AITR 系列医用隔离
变压器
AITR series medical isolation transformer
AITR系列隔离变压器专用于医疗IT系统，铁芯采用日本进口的硅钢片叠加而成，损耗很小。绕组间采用了双重绝缘处理，并设有静电屏蔽层，减少了绕组间的电磁干扰。线包内安装了 PT100 温度传感器，用于监测变压器温度。整体采用真空侵漆处理，增加了机械强度和抗腐蚀性。产品具有很好的温升性能和很低的噪声。AITR series isolation transformer is specially used in medical IT system, and the core superposition adopts the silicon steel sheet imported from Japan, which has very small losses. The windings are treated with double insulation and have electrostatic shielding layer, which reduces electromagnetic interference between windings. The PT100 temperature sensor is installed in the windings to monitor the temperature of transformer. The whole body is treated with vacuum invasion paint, which increases mechanical strength and corrosion resistance. The product has good temperature rise performance and very low noise.
AIM-M10 医疗智能
绝缘监测仪
AIM-M10 medical insulation monitoring device
AIM-M10医疗智能绝缘监测仪采用先进的微控制器技术，集成度高，体积小巧，安装方便，集智能化、数字化、网络化于一身，是手术室、重症监护室等医疗2类场所隔离电源系统绝缘监测的理想选择。
AIM-M10 medical insulation monitoring device is special for medical IT system.It is used to monitor the insulation status of IT system.It can send out alarm signals when insulation fault occurs.
AKH-0.66P26
电流互感器
AKH-0.66P26
current transformer
AKH-0.66P26型电流互感器是与AIM-M10绝缘监测仪配套使用的保护型电流互感器，最大可测电流为60A，变比是2000：1，电流互感器采用螺丝直接固定的方式装于机柜内部，二次侧通过接线柱引出，安装和使用方便。
The AKH-0.66P26 type current transformer is the protective current transformer which the maximum measurable current is 60A and the transformation ratio is 2000:1. The current transformer is directly fixed inside cabinet by screwing
AID series external alarm and displayer
AID10
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适合于嵌入墙体安装，可监控1台AIM-M10绝缘监测仪，具有绝缘、过载、超温、设备故障等故障的声光报警功能，指示灯显示，RS485通讯。
It is suitable for wall installation embedded and can monitor 1 AIM-M10 insulation monitor. It has sound and light alarm function of insulation, overload, overtemperature and equipment failure, and RS485 communication.
AID150
采用LCD液晶显示，RS485总线，可集中监控最多16套 AIM-M10医疗智能绝缘监测仪的数据，可远程声光报警。AID150还可监控多套AIM-R100剩余电流监测仪的数据。
LCD display, RS485 bus, centralized monitoring of up to 16 SETS of AIM-M10 medical intelligent insulation monitor data, sound and light alarm can be remote. The AID150 can also monitor data from multiple AIM-R100 residual current monitors.
Table 1 Insulation monitoring products of medical IT system (four-piece set)
参考文献
[1]德国本德尔IT隔离电源系统产品资料.
[2]王厚余论IT系统的应用建筑电气，2008（11）：3-7.
[3]刘建军、IT隔离电源系统在深圳市第三人民医院的应用.
[4]安科瑞企业微电网设计与应用手册.2019.11版.
Bibliography
[1]Product information of IT isolated power supply system of Bender, Germany.
[2]Wang Houyu on Applied Building Electricity of IT System, 2008 (11) : 3-7.
[3]Application of Liu Jianjun and IT Isolated power Supply system in Shenzhen Third People's Hospital.
[4]Design and Application Manual of Ankore Enterprise Microgrid.2019.11 edition