​
https://preview.redd.it/5rwk0wxq9l4b1.jpg?width=1080&format=pjpg&auto=webp&s=0467841319d53193a61f034ed39ceafbf6ae874b
Experience the thrill of living amidst nature's bounty at "Nature Zone Jungle Resort", where adventure, relaxation, and natural beauty intertwine.
.
Rudra Leisure services Pvt Ltd
10th floor,L 10 Heavenly Plaza, Vazhakkala, Kakkanad, Cochin 682021
Call us at: 9447533330
email: [[email protected]](mailto:[email protected])
Visit: https://rudraleisure.com/
.
#treehouses #tents #honeymoon #naturezonejungleresort #keralatourism #munnar #beautifuldestinations #hillstation #keralagodsowncountry #naturelovers #adventuretravel #panoramicviews #jungleresort #tentresort #munnarresorts #nature #jungle #naturephotography #trekking #honeymoon #hiking #hike #naturewalk #morninghike #travel #vacation #picoftoday #family #jungleresort

https://preview.redd.it/6687fhpyjj4b1.jpg?width=1280&format=pjpg&auto=webp&s=928e499ef30852263bf97c69b74a46c461e69adc
This post is based on our fun trip to this beautiful city. Don’t forget to like this post, subscribe to our channel, and enable notifications. And share your own experience or ask a question in the comments below. Sponsored by Beeyond compression packing cubes for travel. The link is in the description. And stick around until the end because we have a bonus attraction for you.
Top 10 things to do in Lisbon ⭐ Sponsored by BEEYOND packing cubes, a revolutionary new way to pack your luggage 🧳 🎒 👉 https://amzn.to/43uwwz0 👈 (on Amazon)
🔥📚 Lisbon PDF Guide 👉 https://amzn.to/43pcwxr 🔥
Here are our top 10 picks:
Number 10: Belém Tower The Belem Tower, part of UNESCO World Heritage, is one of the most recognizable tourist attractions in Lisbon. Built in the 16th century, it was considered the gateway to the nation’s capital, strategically located at the mouth of the Tagus River. It was initially built as a fort to protect the city from incoming raids along the river. The tower is also a symbol of Europe’s Age of Discovery, also known as Age of Exploration, a period in the 15th and 16th century where some European nations, including Portugal, began exploring and conquering the world. Did you know that the tower once stood on an island, but the earthquake of 1755 shifted the river’s course, moving the island closer to land? Don’t skip nearby attractions including the statue celebrating the Portuguese Age of Discovery, and Waterfront Promenade Belém with a fantastic view towards the beautiful 25 de Abril bridge
Number 9: Old-style forms of public transportation In the late 18-hundreds and the beginning of 20th century, Lisbon came up with several ingenious transportation solutions to help locals and visitors tackle the city’s steep hills and enjoy its magnificent sights. Trams are a popular way to ger around the city, nowadays especially amongst tourists. These small nostalgic streetcars have been a part of Lisbon’s streets since 1901. Ride the renowned tram number 28 that passes through the old city and other famous parts of Lisbon. By the way, did you know that before 1901 trams ran as a horsecar line, but due to Lisbon’s steep slopes, the horses were eventually replaced by a more efficient cable-driven transport. Funiculars are another fun way to explore Lisbon. Ascensor do Lavra, city’s first funicular, was inaugurated in 1884. There are others, like Elevador da Glória famous for its colorful street art, or Bica funicular that will take you through the picturesque part of the city. Ride the neo-Gothic vertical lift Elevador de Santa Justa connecting downtown and Chiado, or take advantage of the modern ones, like Lift Castelo.
Number 8: Castel of Saint George Castel of Saint George, initially surrounded by a wall to form a citadel, is now an iconic historical complex that played an essential role in the history of Lisbon. The fortification dates back to the 1st century AD and was occupied by different civilizations, however, the area was inhabited long before. The site was eventually conquered from the Moors by the Portuguese military action in the 1147 Siege of Lisbon. In the 13th century, the castle became a fortified residence for the kings. Today, visitors can enjoy a walk-through of castle’s expansive grounds that include the ruins of the royal palace, a permanent exhibition with objects found in the archaeological area, and several platforms with amazing panoramic views of the city and other attractions. Of course, you cannot miss funny and loud peacocks roaming around the castle complex, a sort of unofficial castle permanent residents. Check our Lisbon walking tour to get the real feel of the castle and the entire city. The link is in the description. https://amzn.to/43uwwz0
Number 7: Mercado da Ribeira and other food destinations One does not fully explore Lisbon without tasting the city’s unique cuisine. Mercado da Ribeira is one of Lisbon’s oldest markets and has been around since the 13th century. From the early beginning, the market has undergone several upgrades. The market hall, which features iron interiors and a large oriental dome, was opened in 1882. The area is divided into the traditional market that sells fresh produce and a modern food hall with over 30 stalls and bars serving top-notch Portuguese cuisine as well as food from other parts of the world. In 2014, the Time Out Market, a venture of Time Out magazine, took over the food hall part of Mercado da Ribeira. Don’t skip other markets and food destinations across the city, like the bohemian Lx Factory situated in an old textile factory complex, now full of trendy bars and restaurants, quirky shops, independent art studios and Livraria Ler Devagar — one of the most unique bookstores in the world. Walk around cobblestone streets, sit down in one of many bars or restaurants, and soak up the atmosphere. Explore Alfama and other districts with traditional taverns and restaurants, some even offering live fado, a unique genre of music that originated in Lisbon. Check our travel guide for more suggestions. By the way, our mobile-friendly travel guide covers the top 20 things to do in Lisbon and things to know before you visit, including maps, opening hours, links to buy tickets, itinerary suggestions, and other information. By purchising our travel guide, you are also helping us sustain this channel, so a big thank you for that!
Number 6: Carmo Convent Built in the 14th century, Carmo Convent used to be the largest church in Lisbon. But the Great Earthquake of 1755 destroyed the building, along with much of the city. Today, visitors can admire its grand arches and the carvings on the walls that have survived for centuries. A small archeological museum located at the sacristy features archeological finds from Portuguese history, including fountains, tombs, and architectural relics from different styles and areas. The museum also features a 15-minute interactive video projection describing the convent’s history.
Number 5: Lisbon Zoo No matter your age, a trip to the zoo will always be fun and memorable, and especially so at the Lisbon Zoo. The zoo founded in 1884, is the first park with various flora and fauna in the Iberian Peninsula. Today, Lisbon Zoo is home to over 2,000 animals from 300 different species from all over the globe, including dolphins, tigers, reptiles, primates, and other animals. The mission of the zoo is also scientific research, conservation and breeding of endangered species, along with the recreational activities. Embark on a unique adventure and explore the zoo from a different perspective and jump on a fascinating 20-minutes cable car ride.
Number 4: Museum of Art, Architecture, and Technology Visit The Museum of Art, Architecture, and Technology or MAAT opened in 2016. As the name suggests, it is home to exhibitions in art, architecture, and technology. Its distinct design stands out, with its prominent location on the banks of the River Tagus. The museum’s rooftop offers a fantastic views of the 25 de Abril bridge and the city. Instead of permanent collections, visitors can explore temporary exhibits by contemporary artists, and other creators like architects, both national and international. Don’t skip Tejo Power Station, situated in a former thermoelectric power plant, now a permanent exhibition venue. Lisbon has a long and rich history, and this is reflected in its numerous museums. Check our travel guide for more suggestions.
Number 3: Jerónimos Monastery Construction of this massive monastery and a church for the Order of Saint Jerome began in 1501 but was not completed for another 100 years. Jerónimos Monastery replaced the old church used by monks providing assistance to sailors in transit. The monastery is a prime example of Manueline architectural style from the 16th century. This Portuguese late Gothic style originated in the Portuguese Renaissance and Age of Discoveries. The style incorporates richly decorated maritime elements carved in limestone discovered on expeditions of Vasco da Gama and Pedro Álvares Cabral. Stroll along the two-story cloisters and the Church of Santa Maria, and it will be easy to understand why Jerónimos Monastery is considered a symbol of Portugal’s immense wealth during the Age of Discoveries. The monastery, now a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is also a burial place of King Manuel I, and other prominent figures, like the famous Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama. Did you know that the recipe for the world-renowned Portuguese custard tarts known as pastéis de Nata also called pastéis de Belém was created by the monks of Jerónimos Monastery? This video is sponsored by Beeyond, helping you save space when you travel and organize your suitcase. A revolutionary new way to organize your luggage consists of a set of small and large packing cubes. Once you’re done packing, just close both zippers, compress the air out of your packing cubes like this, and voila, your clothes are compressed, and your luggage is organized. We use Beeyond packing cubes on our travels, and they are even designed to fit your carry-on. Visit Beeyond’s Amazon page to get your own compression packing cube set. The link is in the description.
Number 2: Oceanário de Lisboa Oceanário de Lisboa is the largest indoor aquarium in Europe, home to over 16,000 marine animals and plants from 450 different species, including sandtiger sharks, cute sea otters, funny penguins, and other fascinating animals. Walk around this unique aquarium and experience four different natural habitats and learn about animal life in their natural environment through information panels. The oceanarium’s main exhibit is a large tank with glass panel windows strategically placed in various aquarium parts, creating a unique visual experience. Oceanário de Lisboa is just one of the famous landmarks located in Parque das Nações, the former site of Expo ’98. While in the Expo district, admire the majestic Vasco da Gama bridge, the longest bridge in Europe, or the beautiful Torre Vasco da Gama. Hop on the cable car to get a nice view of the entire district.
Number 1: Commerce Square Praça do Comércio or Commerce Square, overlooking the Tagus River, served as a transportation and commercial hub, and is now the seat of some of the most important Portuguese state offices. Walk along Cais das Colunas or Ribeira das Naus to enjoy a historic waterfront area. One of the most famous attractions in the square is Arco da Rua Augusta, a stone building commemorating the city’s reconstruction after the earthquake in 1755.
Climb the arch to enjoy spectacular views of the square and the city. The arch entrance reveals Lisbon’s main pedestrian area, Rua Augusta, a bustling street full of shops and restaurants. The nearby Rossio Square has been one of the main squares in Lisbon since the Middle Ages. Sit down in one of many cafes or restaurants, like the historic Café Nicola, and admire traditional Portuguese pavement style “calçada” and the plaza’s baroque fountains and neoclassical architecture. And here is the bonus that we promised. If you have some time left, explore Almada district with Cristo Rei National Sanctuary, a favorite destination for those looking to spend some quiet time with breathtaking views towards the river and the city. If you find it familiar, it’s because it resembles the Christ the Redeemer statue of Rio de Janeiro. Thank you for watching. We wish you an amazing trip to Lisbon!

https://preview.redd.it/b92ef413ej4b1.jpg?width=1280&format=pjpg&auto=webp&s=9896edae52b7f98b79ae5774c74a17fd5af40d96
In this post, we'll show you the top 10 things to do in Madrid. This post is based on our fun trip to the Spain’s capital city. Don't forget to like this post, subscribe to our channel, and enable notifications. And share your own experience or ask a question in the comments below. Sponsored by Beeyond compression packing cubes for travel. The link is in the description. And stick around until the end because we have a bonus for you.
Top 10 things to do in Madrid ⭐ Sponsored by BEEYOND packing cubes, a revolutionary new way to pack your luggage 🧳 🎒 👉 https://amzn.to/3P2ipML 👈 (on Amazon)
🔥📚 MADRID PDF Guide 👉 https://amzn.to/42tM2tF 🔥
Here are our top 10 picks:
Number 10: Plaza Mayor Plaza Mayor is one of the most important public spaces in Madrid. The square which once hosted coronations and executions, was first constructed in the 16th century. The square’s name and functions changed several times over the course of history, but it started out as a popular marketplace. Today, Plaza Mayor is famous for outdoor cafes and restaurants, the statue of Philip III on a horse, and the much-anticipated Christmas market. Don’t skip one of many entrances to Plaza Major, such as Arco de Los Cuchilleros, the most famous one. The square is home to the historic Casa de la Panaderìa, which served as the town’s main bakery hundreds of years ago. It is now also home to The Madrid Tourism Center. Visit other squares in Madrid, like the famous Puerta del Sol dating back to the 15th century.
Number 9: Food & markets Madrid is packed with exquisite bars, elegant restaurants, colorful markets, and sophisticated outdoor terraces. The city is a melting pot of Spanish cuisine, highlighting the country's diverse food culture. Start your day with a serving of tasty churros dipped in hot chocolate at Chocolatería San Ginés. Spaniards are known for going big for lunch, so huevos rotos, paella or any other typical spanish meal is a great option. Enjoy your lunch or dinner at authentic places, like Casa Toni, and order one of many delicious food options. And finish your day at the most popular food market in Madrid, Mercado de San Miguel, and try delicious appetizers called tapas with a glass of authentic Spanish wine. This century-old food hall is famous for its cast-iron structure and with its ideal and convenient central location, and flavors of every corner of Spain, the Mercado de San Miguel attracts over 10 million visitors annually. Visit also other food markets across Madrid.
Number 8: El Retiro Park El Retiro is a vast green space, home to expensive gardens, beautiful lakes, and numerous historic buildings. Once a royal park designed for King Felipe IV in the 17th century, El Retiro is now a popular public area. Rent a boat at El Retiro Pond, an artificial lake, The magnificent Palacio de Cristal or Glass Palace conservatory, a former greenhouse that now houses art exhibitions. On any given day, the park is filled with people of all ages enjoying the outdoors, including local musicians and performers entertaining the public, especially on weekends. Don’t skip the Monument to Alfonso XII, The Rose Garden, with over 4,000 roses, and Puerta de Alcalá, once the main entrance to the city, located just outside the park. Did you know that the park was once a part of a royal palace complex, but during the Peninsular War at the beginning of the 19th century, the building was seriously damaged and couldn’t be restored? Madrid offers other beautiful parks. Check our travel guide for more suggestions. By the way, our mobile-friendly travel guide covers the top 20 things to do in Madrid, including maps, opening hours, links to buy tickets, and other information. By purchasing our travel guide, you are also helping us sustain this channel, so a big thank you for that!
Number 7: Matadero Madrid Matadero Madrid is a cultural arts center located in a former slaughterhouse and cattle market built between 1911 and 1925. The complex is now home to several contemporary art studios, museums, exhibition areas, and theaters. After its successful renovation in 2006, Matadero Madrid caters to various fields of art interests with numerous programs you can visit, including ongoing art exhibitions in one of many buildings across the complex. We visited a unique immersive experience in Madrid Artes Digitales, exploring the evolution of works of Gustav Klims through virtual reality, exhibition spaces, and an interactive room. And while you are in the area, you can explore the beautiful Madrid Rio Park and the banks of Manzanares River.
Number 6: Palacio de Cibeles The Palacio de Cibeles, inaugurated in 1919 is an exquisite example of Neoclassical architecture. This iconic building once housed the city's main post office and telegraph and telephone headquarters. The building is now home to Madrid City Council, used as a City Hall and a public cultural center. Don’t skip the magnificent Glass Gallery, a multi-purpose venue for various events, or the stunning view of the city at the Mirador observation deck. Check our Madrid walking tour to get the real feel of the surroundings and the entire city. The link is in the description.
Number 5: Atocha Train Station Madrid's central station, the Atocha Train Station from mid 19th century, is a sight worth visiting, even if you’re not traveling by train. This unique transportation hub is also a gateway to Madrid for travelers to other parts of Spain and Europe. Over a century after it was constructed, Atocha's old train shed was transformed into a luxury hub in 1992 and now includes the Greenhouse Atocha, a botanical garden composed of an extensive collection of tropical plants. The greenery is a great and relaxing sight for the passengers. Did you know that Gustave Eiffel, the leading engineer of the famous Eiffel Tower, collaborated on the renovation project of the train station?
Number 4: Templo de Debod Experience a piece of Egypt right in the heart of Madrid. Templo de Debod is an actual over 2,000-years old temple relocated from Egypt, originally a shrine built to worship the Egyptian god Amun. The temple was a gift of gratitude by the Egyptian government to Spain in 1968, after the UNESCO’s efforts to help save several monuments and archaeological sites from being destroyed while constructing the Aswan High Dam on the Nile River. You can also visit the interiors and admire its hieroglyphics and sculptures. If you don't have time to visit the interiors, also because there is usually a very long line of people waiting to see the temple from the inside, you can still admire it from the outside. It is especially enchanting during the sunset. Surrounded by charming parks and gardens, the site is a local favorite for scenic strolls, picnics, and even yoga.
Number 3: Queen Sofia Arts Center From classical collections to modern installations, Madrids’s Golden Triangle of Art consists of three world-class museums and is considered a mecca of global excellence in art, history, and culture. Visit Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía, a museum of 20th-century art opened in 1992. The museum is named after Queen Sofia and is situated close to CaixaForum art center. Queen Sofia Arts Center houses a collection of art from some of the most famous artists in history, including Pablo Picasso and Salvador Dali. Visitors can also enjoy a variety of interactive exhibits, making it an ideal place to spend the afternoon. In addition to the arts center, the museum also houses a library, auditorium, and café. This video is sponsored by Beeyond, helping you save space when you travel and organize your suitcase. A revolutionary new way to organize your luggage consists of a set of small and large packing cubes. Once you're done packing, just close both zippers, compress the air out of your packing cubes like this, and voila, your clothes are compressed, and your luggage is organized. We use Beeyond packing cubes on our travels, and they are even designed to fit your carry-on. Visit Beeyond's Amazon page to get your own compression packing cube set. The link is in the description.
Number 2: Gran Vía Spain’s vibrant capital is also a renowned shopping destination. Gran Vía is Madrid’s most famous street, also known for its iconic and remarkable architecture. Built between 1910 and 1930, Gran Via was essential to Madrid’s development and modernization. Tagged as the street that never sleeps, the Gran Via also boasts next-level nightlife experiences, driven by luxurious bars, renowned theater productions, high-end street art, world-class designer stores, and enormous shopping malls. You will hardly run out of options in Gran Via, with the numerous stores by popular fashion brands such as Zara, Mango, Primark and high-end boutiques. Besides shopping, visitors can also watch theater and musical shows since the city is also known as the Spanish Broadway. Don’t skip the first skyscraper in Spain or the Iconic Metropolis office building, one of the major highlights of Gran Via. BTW, did you know that the biggest Zara store in the world is located on Gran Via, right across from Plaza de España.
Number 1: Palacio Real A visit the Palacio Real will take you on a journey through Spain’s royal history. The Royal Palace of Madrid is the official home of the Spanish Royal family. And while the royal family no longer actually lives there, the palace is still used for state ceremonial purposes. The palace, open to the public, comprises over 3,000 rooms, including the Throne Room and the Royal Armoury. Next to the palace is the Neo-Romanesque crypt Catedral de Almudena, the seat of Madrid’s Roman Catholic Archdiocese, consecrated by Pope John Paul II in 1993. Behind Madrid’s grandest church is Parque de Emir Mohamed, the location of the ruins of the Muslim Walls, built in the 9th century during the Muslim occupation of the Iberian Peninsula. Don't miss beautiful Neoclassical Sabatini Garden right next to the palace or an English-style garden - Campo del Moro. And here is the bonus that we promised. Flamenco is Spain's most celebrated dance and music style, commonly performed through rhythmic clapping, feet stamping, and emotional vocals and guitar. So, if you have some time left, visit one of the countless flamenco shows thought the city. Although flamenco is a form of Spanish folk music and dance that originated in the Andalusian region, Madrid became a epicenter for those looking to succeed in this special genre. This unique art form is believed to have developed from intermingling cultres of Andalusian Roma, Sephardic Jews and Moors from southern Spain. There are many other attractions and neighborhoods to discover in Madrid. We wish you a fantastic trip to this amazing metropolis!

We are looking to rehome two adorable dogs that were found in East Charlotte. Breed unknown, but likely husky/lab mixes. The dogs are about 2 years old, and are siblings, one boy and one girl. They must stay together as they are very close and codependent. Both have received their rabies vaccine and full physical examinations; vet records will be provided.
The girl (black/white) has hyperpigmentation (dry, dark, hairless skin) on her back thigh/butt area, and we have antibiotics and anti-itch medication provided by the vet for treatment. The girl also has a small lump in her ear that will need to be examined, although the vet did not state this was a large concern. Otherwise, the vet indicated that both are happy and healthy.
These dogs are extremely sweet, and if we had the space in our home, we would be keeping them ourselves. They are good with our other dog (French bulldog), and love to cuddle and be affectionate. They love scratches and belly rubs. Neither have used the bathroom anywhere but outside. Both are ready for pickup in East Charlotte (Plaza Shamrock) now. We would love to see these dogs go to a loving home. They both seem to have attachment issues and would need a family that does not travel frequently.
Rehoming fee negotiable (to cover vet appointment)
We’ve been calling them Vegeta (girl) & Goku (boy) (Dragon ball z)
Please DM if interested.

​
THE ORIGIN OF SOME ORAIBI CLANS
A Hopi Legend
Away down the sípapu in the under-world the people lived in the same manner as they do here.
The wife of the chief of the Bear clan often danced in the Butterfly dance (Políhtikivee), at which the chief got angry.
The Spider clan had also a chief.
The Bear chief sent the Pö'okong to limit for them another life (kátci) or world and see whether they could not get out. He was so angry at his wife's participating in the dance, fearing that she would be led astray, he wanted to go away and leave her.
Pö'okong and his younger brother Balö'ongahoya went in search of another world, and when they returned, reported that there was an opening right above them.
Pö'okong had reached it by means of a reed on which he had spit and thus made it strong. The chief said, as they were still dancing (the Butterfly dance) they would move in four days. After four days they were still dancing, and the chief said to some one that he would not tell his wife anything, but try to find another wife.
So he left, being accompanied by Pö'okong and, Balö'ongahoya, the Pölis still dancing wildly.
They started and went out, Pö'okong first, then Balö'ongahoya, then the Bear clan chief, who was followed by the Spider clan chief.
Then the Bear clan people, the Spider clan people, and after them many other people came out.
When many were out the Bear chief closed the opening.
When they were out the chief said, ''Well, what now?"
They were in the dark yet, the entrance, however, being closed.
The chief sent the Eagle who flew around hunting an opening or light.
He returned, and the chief asked: ''Taá um hin nawóti?" "Well, I found an opening and made it more light, but it is very hot high up yet. Send another one."
So the chief sent the Buzzard (Wicóko).
The latter ascended higher but got burned (hence he has no feathers on his head and wings), but he made it lighter, When he returned that chief said: "Thank you.
Well, now what? Now it is somewhat better.
The sky has been opened somewhat more and it is much lighter."
The question arose: Which way? The Bear clan spoke for the South, the Spider clan for the north, and the latter talking more and getting the greater crowd, the Spider clan went northward.
The Spider Clan
This clan traveled northward.
The chief first, the people following.
After four nights they carne to a nice country, where the "North Old Man" (Kwináe Wuhtaka) lives.
But it was cold there.
The chief decided that there they would stay.
So the people were glad and began to plant corn, watermelon, melons, sweet corn, etc.
The chief had brought with him the cult and altar of the Blue Flutes.
When the corn began to grow the chief put up his altar, sang and fluted, but he did all that alone.
So the corn, etc., grew nicely, but when it tasseled and the ears began to develop, it became cold and the crop was destroyed.
"Ishohi!" (Oh!) the people exclaimed.
They tried it another year, but the same: thing was repeated in every respect.
Again no crop.
Another year it was tried, but now the corn only began to tassel, and the fourth year it was still very small when the frost killed it.
Then there was dissatisfaction. "Ishohí! (Oh!) Our Father, you have spoken falsely, you said it was good here."
So they all also started southward after the Bear People.
After the first night the chief said to his wife: "You bathe yourself."
This she did (in warm water).
Then she rubbed her body and collected the small scales which she had rubbed from her skin and handed them to her husband.
He laid them on a blanket until there was a considerable quantity of them.
He then wrapped this in a reed receptacle, sang over it and waved it four times, whereupon the scales turned into burros and rushed out.
"What is that?" the people asked.
"Those are burros," the chief said.
So they were glad that now they would not have to carry everything themselves any longer, and the chief said that now they would move on towards the rising sun.
The chief and his wife repeated the same performance, but instead of burros, Spaniards came out.
To them the chief said: You put supplies and your things on the burros and follow the other Hopi (that is, the Bear clan), and when you overtake them, kill them.
So the Castilians went south, and the Spider people went south-east, following a Stream (Nönö'pbaya, a rolling stream, because of the high recoiling waves).
They came to a nice place where they stayed one year and planted and reaped a crop.
From there they proceeded south-east, stopped another year at a certain place, where they again planted, but were harassed by enemies.
They saved a portion of the crop and proceeding farther south-east they ascended a bluff or mesa, staying another year and planting in the valleys.
Thus they stopped in all at ten different places, but being constantly harassed by the people along the water, they never planted more than once.
Finally they arrived where the sun rises and the Americans (Bahánas) live.
With them they became friends; here they planted, their children learned the language a little, and they stayed there three years.
They also here learned that the Bear clan had been there and had already gone westward again.
The Spider people followed, arrived at Oraíbi, where they found , the Bear clan, whom they joined.
Their chief was then Machíto.
They also had the Â'ototo and Áholi Katcinas.
​
The Bear Clan
This clan had gone south from the sípahpuni.
They had with them the Â'ototo Katcina.
They soon found the Young Corn Ear (Píhk'ash) people with the Áholi Katcina, who wanted to join them.
So the Bear clan chief took them along.
They stopped at a place and here had a good crop because they had the two Katcinas with them.
The next year they came to a clear stream.
In all they stopped ten times before arriving at the Americans, where the sun rises.
Here they stopped four years.
Their children learned a little English.
The land being scarce, the Americans told them to go west and hunt land for themselves, and if anybody would be bad to them (núkpana) and cause their children to die, they (the Americans) would come and cut the Núkapana's heads off.
This was told them, because they (the Americans) had been told that down in the old home there had been Pópwaktû (sorcerers, etc.).
So they traveled westward, found the Pueblo, but no good land that they could get.
So they finally arrived at Shongópavi, where some people lived, and there they settled down.
One time the people saw that the chief, Machíto, held a sweet corn-ear between every two fingers, at the same time eating from the other hand.
Corn was very scarce at that time, so the people spoke to him about his greediness, at which he got angry and left, taking with him the Â'ototo and Áholi.
Hunters later found them at a rock, now Bean Spreading Place (Báhpu- Möyanpi), where there is still a stone on which there is some writing called Machítûtûbeni.
Machíto left his wife at Shongópavi, also his people, who then formed the Shongópavi Bear clan.
When the hunters found him they informed the people at Shongópavi.
Some went there to get them back, but Machíto would not listen to them.
Then his wife went to him but he would not listen to her either.
So they left him. Machíto took a big stone and went with them for some distance to make the landmark between Oraíbi and Shongópavi.
The people said several times: "Put it here." But he would not listen until arriving at a place called "Ocápchomo," where he placed it, thus making a landmark between the fields of the Shongópavi and his own.
Then Machíto and the two Katcinas went up the Oraíbi mesa where they remained.
Later the Spider people arrived.
Machíto asked about their wanderings and they told him.
He wanted to know why the corn would not grow although they had the Flute cult.
The Spider clan chief accused the "North Old Man."
Machíto then said: "All right, you may live here, but as your cult does not seem to be effective, you watch the sun for me, and when he has arrived at his south limit, you tell me, and we shall have the Soyál ceremony.
Also your pü'htavi does not seem to have been good, so I want you to make my kind of pü'htavi."
After the matter had been settled between Machíto and the Spider clan chief, the latter's people came up.
Among these were also the Lizard clan, to which the Sand clan is related.
These names were given to people while wandering.
One would find and see something, perhaps under peculiar circumstances, and he called after it.
The Lizard people were also asked what they knew and when they said the Maraú cult, they were also permitted to stay, but were requested to co- operate in the Soyál ceremony.
For that reason Pungñánömsi, who is of the Bear clan, and village chief, now makes the pûhu (road) in the night of the Maraú ceremony from the nátsi at the south end of the kiva towards the rising sun.
The Rattle-snake (Tcû'a) clan also came with the Spider clan to Oraíbi, but it is not known how or where this clan became a part of the Spider clan, The Badger people understand medicines, hence they prepare the medicine--for instance, charm liquid--for the Flute, Snake, Maraú, and other ceremonies.
Another Badger clan and the Butterfly (Pówul) came from Kíshi-wuu.
These brought the Powámu and Katcina cult.
The Divided Spring (Bátki) clan came from where the sun rises.
They came to the village of Oraíbi and arranged a contest at Muyíovatki where each planted corn, the Blue Flutes sweet corn, the others, Wupákaö, over which they played the whole day.
The sweet corn grew first, and so the Blue Flutes to this day go to the village in processions, etc., first closing the well (batñi) on the plaza.
Later the Drab Flutes (Masítâlentu) had to throw their meal, mollas, etc., from a distance to the warrior (Keléhtaka) of the Cakwálâlentu, who put them into the well in the booth for them.

​

As electric and fuel-efficient vehicles become more ubiquitous, it’s become necessary to release a vehicle mileage tax that promises to be more effective than the traditional gas tax. The details are still unknown, yet it’s obvious that the government is going to implement some changes.
Since the Highway Trust Fund is predicted to thin out by the end of 2021, the issue at stake is quite urgent. Even though it’s not likely that car mileage tax will go into force during the year, we might see the first steps in the process soon enough.
The new tax arises a lot of questions: what does it imply? Is it truly promising or will it burden the wallets of Americans? Below we’ll answer all of these questions and clarify this initiative as much as we can.

WHAT IS VEHICLE MILEAGE TAX?

Vehicle miles traveled (VMT) levy is the initiative that would tax drivers by the number of miles they travel. Instead of charging them depending on their fuel consumption, it would collect the mileage data and distribute taxes accordingly.
The money collected via tax by the mile would be spent on improving the infrastructure. According to Pete Buttigieg, the Transportation Secretary, this tax is certainly under discussion in the light of the Infrastructure Plan that Joe Biden proposed.
Despite the fact that the expenditures of infrastructure are exceeding the revenues of the Highway Trust Fund, the Federal Government hasn’t reformed the fuel tax since 1993. The states themselves have increased the gas levy and tried to update taxes to make up for the shortfalls in the budget.
However, it’s obvious that the changes are necessary on the federal level, especially if the Congress approves Biden’s Infrastructure Plan. The President wants the US to improve its infrastructure, which includes modernizing 20,000 miles of roads and improving 10,000 bridges. Naturally, such extensive works would need funding, which has to be collected via taxes.
Vehicle miles traveled tax is shifting focus towards the consumer. Namely, it captures the maintenance costs of the highway and targets people who use the roads the most. It also happens to be a more modern approach, considering the fact that the number of electric vehicles is increasing. Moreover, newer cars have higher mpg (miles per gallon), which decreases the revenue that would be collected from fuel tax. Let’s look at the numbers: on the federal level, gas tax per VMT was 1.51 cents in 1994 compared to 0.75 cents in 2018. According to the research conducted by Tax Foundation, if such a trend continues (and it likely will), the differences in taxes would amount to $7.7 billion.

VMT VS MOTOR FUEL TAX

​

Motor fuel tax is a levy that collects a fee on fuel, including gasoline, diesel, and gasohol. In most cases, this tax is collected depending on the gallons of fuel a person uses. Since it’s not collected from the final price the consumer pays, it rarely increases unless the tax rate is enhanced.
Even though certain states have increased their gas mileage taxes, the revenue is still less than the expenses that are needed to maintain the highways and roads. This approach aims to tax those who use the roads, however, it’s not self-sufficient anymore.
Considering the fact that fuel efficiency increases and electric cars are starting to occupy our roads, people are using less fuel. In other words, fuel gas tax is eroding as it’s failing to serve the main function it has.

Difference between VMT and Motor Fuel Tax

The main difference between VMT and motor fuel tax is that the former levies mileage and affects all cars equally regardless of their fuel efficiency, while the latter focuses on gas consumption and charges low mpg vehicles with higher taxes.
The world’s focus on alternative fuel isn’t going to shift anywhere else due to all the environmental issues. If the motor fuel tax remains the same, the chances are the federal government will constantly have to find funds elsewhere.
The federal government has two options if it wants to solve the shortfalls in the Highway Trust Fund: it has to increase motor fuel tax or substitute it with the mileage tax.
Implementing VMT won’t be an easy process and will require a lot of manpower and finances. However, it seems to be more suitable for modern vehicles. After all, it’s aimed at improving the infrastructure.
Oregon and California have already launched pilot programs and other states are following. The federal government is open to the changes with Pete Buttigieg showing its support.

WHY DO WE NEED A VEHICLE MILEAGE TAX?

Because the motor fuel tax is eroding and can’t cover the expenditures any more. Plus, now is the perfect timing – the Fixing America’s Surface Transportation Act (FAST Act) is expiring this year. This means that the federal government has to come up with a new plan to make sure the Highway Trust Fund doesn’t thin out.
Don’t get me wrong, motor fuel tax isn’t a bad thing. It had its own purpose that prioritized alternative fuel over petroleum. The tax dealt with the negative effects of pollution and traffic congestion. Besides, the motor fuel tax was quite successful at reversing the negative side effects of automobiles.
But as time passes by and fuel consumption decreases, it’s losing its meaning in its current form. Therefore, we need changes and the pay-per-mile tax could be one.
Once again, I’m not saying that tax by the mile is a flawless solution – it certainly has its drawbacks. But if we want to continue funding the roads and renovating the infrastructure, we don’t really have a choice.
The federal government has to make a decision and the chances are they will shift their support towards the VMT tax.

HOW WOULD VEHICLE MILEAGE TAX BE IMPLEMENTED?

​

According to the research conducted by the Tax Foundation, the federal government has two ways of implementing the vehicle mileage tax. They can choose a simple but less effective method or a more complex yet more efficient way.

A simple way

A simple way of implementing the car mileage tax would be to create a flat rate for all vehicles. Taxes would be differentiated depending on the weight and the number of axles. The reason is simple – the heavier the car, the more damage it causes to the road. Vice versa, the wear, and tear on the roads reduce with the number of axles.
The main of the vehicle computer will record the information about the mileage and
The car mileage information would be recorded on the main computer of the vehicle and taxes would be collected accordingly.
Even though a flat rate seems to be simpler to implement, it has certain drawbacks. It would be hard to levy those who travel from state to state. They would cause damage to the roads of both states, however, they would only pay taxes in the state they reside in.
Another issue is that tax by the mile wouldn’t be effective if it were implemented at the state level only. Pilot programs such as the OReGo in Oregon showcase the limitations of the new tax system. There’s only so much you can figure out with voluntary GPS tracking.

A more complex route

A more complex route includes detailed GPS tracking. Even though it would need more resources, it would be more efficient. Namely, people who live in rural areas would essentially pay more money. Since they cause more damage to the roads and produce more pollution, it makes sense that their taxes would be higher.
As a result, they would have to decide if the travel was truly worth the money.
The problem with a complex route is that it could become too complicated both for the states and taxpayers. This would reduce transparency and make it impossible to collect taxes properly.
Probably the best way to implement vehicle miles traveled tax would be to find a silver lining between these two approaches. Though it wouldn’t be easy, it’s necessary to come up with an optimal solution. Otherwise, the new tax system might collapse.

OPPOSING ARGUMENTS TO THE VEHICLE MILEAGE TAX

As mentioned, mileage tax isn’t perfect and certain groups have concerns about it. As much as we’d like to ignore them, they are quite real. They certainly have to be addressed before the tax gets implemented.

Privacy and data security concerns

Privacy and data security concerns will be especially worrisome if GPS tracking is in the project. I’ll be honest – I would have a hard time agreeing to the idea of the government knowing the location of my vehicle all the time. But arguably, these issues can be tackled.
The pilot program, OReGo, for instance, deletes the collected data after 30 days. Limiting the data collection only to necessary information could potentially reduce the privacy security concerns.
There could also be a private company that would act as a middleman. They would collect the GPS data and control what information is transferred to the government.

Environmental concerns

Environmental groups worry that VMT might decrease the popularity of fuel-efficient and electric vehicles, and promote the use of petroleum cars. The motor fuel tax was quite efficient in tackling environmental issues, but with the new tax system, those cars that have higher emissions might not pay taxes at all. They might be eligible for the tax allowance, which could be detrimental to the environment.

The shift in burden towards fuel-efficient vehicles

If the new tax system becomes official or if the federal government comes up with a hybrid model, fuel-efficient vehicles would suffer the most. They would essentially have to pay more taxes, which can hinder the voting process for the bill.

Higher expenses

Compared to the motor fuel tax, the new tax system would be quite costly to implement. The states would need to send specific hardware to the car-owners to track their mileage. The federal government would have to monitor more than 268 million vehicles, which is certainly extensive work.

CAN VEHICLE MILEAGE TAX INCREASE THE NUMBER OF MILEAGE FRAUD?

​

Potentially, people who wouldn’t be willing to pay taxes would find ways to reduce their fees, which might include committing mileage fraud. Even if the government sends out specific devices, it will be hard to verify whether the mileage is accurate or not.
The accuracy of the mileage would be even harder to check if the data about traveled miles was collected from the cars themselves.
The tools that change vehicle’s mileage are quite widespread these days. They are cheaper than the expense that a higher tax would cause. Odometer fraud is already a prevalent issue and I’m afraid it would become even more serious if the pay-per-mile comes into force.
People usually use two tools to reduce the numbers on their odometer. The first of them is the Odometer Correction Tool. The device can reprogram the trip meter, however, it can’t alter the existing data in control units. It’s unlikely that people will use such a unit – the information about mileage will probably be pulled from the internal storage, not the odometer.
It’s more likely that they will use the Mileage Blocker instead. But how does it work? – it stops recording the mileage in all control units. It’s far more efficient in the sense that its performance is impossible to detect. The device has easy DIY Installation instruction that will save your time and money. It also has a mobile application for additional features. The device is available online and you can purchase the mileage blocker from Superkilometerfilter. Even though this tool is not for fraudulent applications, people might take advantage of its features. In case of any questions please look through the support page or contact the customer service.
Essentially, the VMT might solve one problem but it might increase another. We just have to decide what our priorities are. I don’t think that the government will fail the new tax system just because of this problem, but we still must be aware of it and prepare accordingly.

FINAL TAKEAWAY

Nobody can claim that tax by the mile is a perfect system. It’s still necessary to discuss all the details and weigh its drawbacks and benefits. We still don’t know if the US will adopt a new law, but the chances are the federal government will introduce the changes.
Keeping in mind the erosion of the current motor fuel tax, it seems like we’ll have to sacrifice certain things to implement a better tax system.